绿洲边缘内外大气中水汽影响辐射传输分析

水汽是大气中影响辐射传输的重要因子之一,实验观测表明在绿洲内外近地层大气中水汽含量存在一定的差异,因此绿洲边缘内外在气中辐射传输特征也不同。本文通过应用ＭＯＤＴＲＡＮ辐射模式和“干旱环境综合研究计划９５”（简称ＡＥＣＭＰ９５）野外实验近地面观测资料,分析了局地大气对达到地面辐射通量密度或辐射率、透射的影响,并与地面观测结果进行了比较,同时对绿洲边缘内外太阳辐射近红外１．５５￣１．７μｍ带和大气窗区     

中国南部夏季季风降水水汽来源的稳定同位素证据

Summer monsoons （South Asian monsoon, South China Sea monsoon and Subtropical monsoon） are prominent features of summertime climate over southern China. Dif- ferent monsoons carry different inflow moisture into China and control the temporal and spatial distributions of precipitation. Analyses of meteorological data, particularly wind, tempera- ture and pressure anomalies are traditional methods of characterizing moisture sources and transport patterns. Here, we try to utilize the evidence from stable isotopes signatures to trace summer monsoons over southern China. Based on seven CHNIP （Chinese Network of Iso- topes in Precipitation） observatory stations located in southern China, monthly composite precipitation samples have been collected and analyzed for the composition of δ^18O during July, 2005. The results indicated that the spatial distributions of δ^18O in precipitation could properly portray the moisture sources together with their transport pathways. Moreover, the amount effect, altitude effect, temperature effect and the correlation between δ^18O vs. relative humidity were discussed.     

秦岭山区东麓一次短时强降水特征及成因分析

利用陕西省区域自动站常规观测资料、NCEP 0.25°×0.25°再分析资料、华山站地面雨滴谱观测资料、商洛市雷达观测资料,从宏观和微观两方面对2021年7月22—23日秦岭山区东部1次强降水过程特征进行分析。结果表明：该次山区暴雨在实况上具有强降水范围小、持续时间长、短时雨量大、极易引发地质灾害的特点。该次山区暴雨发生在弱天气强迫和强层结不稳定的环境下,由地形抬升和850 hPa冷平流共同触发此次对流。高层辐散抽吸使得上升气流加强,合并商洛市山阳县特殊地形的增幅作用共同造成山阳县法官镇短时雨强的极端性,小尺度地形作用下风的辐合和温度差异使得强降水在局地长时间维持。强降水在微观层面上表现为高浓度的小雨滴和部分大雨滴的共同作用。850 hPa水汽通量在此次暴雨预报中具有一定的指示意义,22日20时山区强降水在发展之前,商洛市东南部水汽通量突增至20～30 g·cm^-1·hPa^-1·s^-1。雷达上表现为商洛市北部和南部30～45 dBz的大片层积混合云回波长时间维持,局地回波云团的合并对应降水增强。     

The characteristics of sea fog with different airflow over the Huanghai Sea in boreal spring

Using the observations from ICOADS datasets and contemporaneous NCEP/NCAR reanalysis datasets during 1960-2002, the study classifies the airflows in favor of sea fog over the Huanghai (Yellow) Sea in boreal spring (April-May) with the method of trajectory analysis, and analyzes the changes of proportions of warm and cold sea fogs along different paths of airflow. According to the heat balance equation, we investigate the relationships between the marine meteorological conditions and the proportion of warm and cold sea fog along different airflow paths. The major results are summarized as follows. (1) Sea fogs over the Huanghai Sea in spring are not only warm fog but also cold fog. The proportion of warm fog only accounts for 44% in April, while increases as high as 57% in May. (2) Four primary airflow paths leading to spring sea fog are identified. They are originated from the northwest, east, southeast and southwest of the Huanghai Sea, respectively. The occurrence ratios of the warm sea fog along the east and southeast airflow paths are high of 55% and 70%, while these along the southwest and northwest airflow paths are merely 17.9% and 50%. (3) The key physical processes governing the warm/cold sea fog are heat advection transport, longwave radiation cooling at fog top, solar shortwave warming and latent heat flux between airsea interfaces. (4) The characteristics of sea fog along the four airflow paths relate closely to the conditions of water vapor advection, and the vertical distribution of relative humidity.     

全球变暖趋缓背景下辽宁夏季降水变化及水汽输送特征

利用中国气象数据网提供的中国地面气候资料日值数据集(V3.0)中的降水数据以及ERA-Interim逐月再分析资料对全球变暖趋缓背景下(1998年后)辽宁夏季降水变化特征及水汽输送对其的影响进行研究.结果表明:全球增暖减缓背景下,辽宁夏季降水量存在一定的增加趋势,但趋势较弱,其中辽宁南部降水的增加趋势较其他地区显著,对...     

长江流域水分收支以及再分析资料可用性分析

首先利用实测资料定量计算了长江流域水分收支的各分量,包括降水、径流、蒸发、水汽辐合等,分析其季节循环、年际变化以及线性趋势变化。结果表明,多年平均该流域是水汽汇区,主要来自平均流输送造成的水汽辐合,而与天气过程密切相关的瞬变波则主要造成流域的水汽辐散。蒸发所占比例接近于径流,对流域水分循环十分重要。大部分要素的季节变化和年际变化都很大,只有蒸发和大气含水量的年际变化较小。降水和平均流输送造成的水汽辐合一般在6月达到年内最大,12月达到年内最小,而径流和大气含水量则一般滞后1个月于7月达到年内最大,1月降为年内最小。1958—1983年,夏半年降水略微增加,冬半年略微减少,各月实测径流为弱的增长趋势,但均不显著,年平均蒸发亦无显著的趋势变化。然后将实测资料同ECMWF及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料作进一步对比分析,以检验两套再分析资料对长江流域水分循环的描述能力。在量值上,NCEP/NCAR再分析资料中的降水、蒸发、径流均比实测偏大很多,大气含水量及由平均流输送所造成的水汽辐合则偏小很多;ECMWF再分析资料中的降水量、径流量基本上与实测接近,蒸发量偏大,大气含水量及由平均流输送所造成的水汽辐合偏小,但比NCEP/NCAR再分析资料要接近实测。另外,该两套再分析资料均可以较好地描述长江流域水分收支的季节循环和年际变化,而且同样是ECMWF再分析资料与实测资料的一致性更好。但是两套再分析资料在1958—1983年均存在十分夸张的线性趋势变化,尤其是ECMWF再分析资料。     

哈密市三次暴雨过程水汽特征对比分析

利用常规观测、区域自动站逐小时降水、NCEP/NCAR和GDAS再分析等资料,对比分析了2018－2019年哈密市三次暴雨过程的环流背景、水汽输送、辐合（辐散）和水汽收支等特征。结果表明：三次暴雨过程均发生在巴尔喀什湖地区有低涡、蒙古地区有高压脊的环流背景下,当对流层高层南亚高压中心东移且东部中心强度增强、中亚西风槽前存在强西南急流,对流层中层欧洲高压脊偏强、低涡偏南、西太副高偏西偏北时,有利于暴雨落区偏南、降水强度强,反之暴雨落区偏北、降水偏弱。三次暴雨过程水汽源地、水汽输送路径及水汽贡献有所差异,水汽源地的多源性和源地水汽贡献量的多少会对哈密市降雨的强弱有一定的影响。对流层中低层蒙古的反气旋有利于暖湿空汽沿着河西走廊的偏东急流输送至暴雨区,有利于暴雨的增幅。三次过程不同边界水汽收支量有所差异,东边界的低层和西边界的中高层为水汽的主要输入边界。强降水区各边界水汽净流入的强度、维持时间以及水汽的辐合强度对强降水的发展和维持起关键作用。     

诱发哈萨克斯坦夏季强降水的环流结构特征

采用FNL1°×1°和CPC0.5°×0.5°再分析资料,通过对比分析夏季哈萨克斯坦不同区域的3次强降水过程的环流特征,揭示了诱发强降水的环流结构。结果表明：哈萨克斯坦各区域出现强降水时,西部和东部的强降水中心位于高空急流带入口区右侧,北部位于出口区左侧,辐散抽吸作用利于上升运动发展;强降水的影响系统主要为500 hPa低涡,强降水中心位于低涡槽线前部西南气流带上,中层温度平流对强降水发生有促进作用,西部和北部强降水中心位于低层冷平流大值区,东部则位于东北冷平流南侧的气旋性辐合区;除哈萨克斯坦东部强降水受地形影响地面系统尺度较小外,西部和北部强降水时地面有明显的冷锋,并存在气旋性的辐合切变,冷暖汇合形成的辐合线是强降水的主要中尺度触发系统;哈萨克斯坦强降水的水汽源地主要为地中海、黑海、波斯湾和北冰洋,经长途输送在强降水区形成强的水汽辐合,辐合值＞40×10-6 g?cm-1?s-1。     

Reservoirs are hotspots of nitrogen cycling in peatland catchments

This study presents input–output budgets of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), dissolved organic N (DON) and dissolved inorganic N (DIN) for a reservoir in a peatland catchment in the south Pennines (UK). This site receives high levels of atmospheric inorganic N deposition, in the range of 26 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1. The results show that the reservoir retains ~21 to 31% of the annual TDN input (8806 ± 741 kg N). Approximately 39 to 55% of DON (3782 ± 653 kg N) and 6 to 13% of DIN (5024 ± 349 kg N) were retained/processed. A long water retention time (104 days), average annual pH of 6.5, high concentrations of DIN in the reservoir water and a deep water column suggest that denitrification is potentially a key mechanism of N retention/removal. The results also demonstrate that DON is potentially photodegraded and utilized within the reservoir, particularly during the summer season when 58 to 80% of DON input (682 ± 241 kg N) was retained, and a net export of DIN (~34 kg N) was observed. The findings therefore suggest that DON may play a more crucial role in the biogeochemistry of peat‐dominated acid sensitive upland freshwater systems than previously thought. Reservoirs, impoundments and large lakes in peatland catchments may be important sites in mediating downstream N transport and speciation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Topsoil delivery to Himalayan rivers: the importance of sampling time

Estimates of the amount of topsoil in river sediments can help constrain sediment budgets on decadal time scales. The tracers ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb(ex) are used to determine the proportion of topsoil in river sediments in two Himalayan catchments, a relatively simple but effective method that could be used in many catchments in this complex mountain range for management purposes. Different results are reached, apparently depending upon antecedent conditions, with a large component of topsoil in river sediments likely to be the result of rainfall that erodes hillslopes by sheet and rill processes, does not mobilize or mix with other sources of sediment such as from landslides, and does not generate high river flows to transport the topsoil downstream. These results show that sampling of tracers in sedimentary archives is essential to provide time series of topsoil input to Himalayan rivers to account for high temporal variability. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.