ENSO循环与太平洋-北美型遥相关事件的关系

利用1950~2009年的Nio3.4指数和冬季5个月逐日太平洋-北美型遥相关(PNA)指数,对ENSO冷、暖位相及中性年份冬季发生的PNA事件进行了统计分析,结果发现PNA事件个数有显著的差异。ENSO暖位相年份冬季的PNA+事件个数是PNA-事件个数的4.13倍,而冷位相年份的PNA-事件个数是PNA+事件个数的2.73倍。PNA事件指数和PNA事件对应的300 hPa流函数场合成分析结果显示ENSO暖(冷)位相年份的PNA+(PNA-)事件的强度较小,生命史较长,PNA-(PNA+)事件的强度较大生命史较短,位于北太平洋上空的南北向偶极子结构仅出现在PNA+事件过程的成熟阶段。同时,聚类分析也发现,ENSO暖(冷)位相年份的PNA+(PNA-)型的比例大于PNA-(PNA+)型,PNA+型波列结构中有太平洋区域的南北向偶极子结构,而PNA-波列结构中没有,与合成分析结果一致。通过计算北太平洋的300 hPa基本流发现,ENSO循环暖位相年份的副热带急流位置比ENSO循环冷位相年份的偏北,这解释了ENSO循环冷暖位相年份PNA+事件和PNA-事件发生频率的差异。由于中性年份也存在PNA事件,ENSO循环对PNA事件的强度与发生频率有一定的调制作用。     

What Causes the Springtime Tropospheric Ozone Maximum over Northeast Asia？

Scientists have long debated the relative importance of tropospheric photochemical production versus stratospheric influx as causes of the springtime tropospheric ozone maximum over northern mid-latitudes. This paper investigates whether or not stratospheric intrusion and photochemistry play a significant role in the springtime ozone maximum over Northeast Asia,where ozone measurements are sparse.We examine how tropospheric ozone seasonalities over Naha(26°N,128°E),Kagoshima(31°N,131°E),and Pohang(36°N,129°E),which are located on the same meridional line,are related to the timing and location of the jet stream.The ozone seasonality shows a gradual increase from January to the maximum ozone month,which corresponds to April at Naha,May at Kagoshima,and June at Pohang.In order to examine the occurrence of stratospheric intrusion,we analyze a correlation between jet stream activity and tropospheric ozone seasonality.From these analyses,we did not find any favorable evidence supporting the hypothesis that the springtime enhancement may result from stratospheric intrusion.According to trajectory analysis for vertical and horizontal origins of the airmass,a gradual increasing tendency in ozone amounts from January until the onset of monsoon was similar to the increasing ozone formation tendency from winter to spring over mainland China,which has been observed during the build-up of tropospheric ozone over Central Europe in the winter-spring transition period due to photochemistry.Overall,the analyses suggest that photochemistry is the most important contributor to observed ozone seasonality over Northeast Asia.     

一次春季冷锋过境引起的大风天气分析

利用常规探测资料、地面加密观测资料及NCEP再分析资料,对2009年4月15日新乡罕见大风天气的天气形势及物理量场特征进行了诊断分析。结果表明:西伯利亚强冷空气南下与华北低压发展共同造成的强气压梯度、高低空强的冷平流是造成此次强风的主要原因;地面冷锋前的上升运动与高空急流入口区次级环流上升气流的叠加,为深对流发展提供了深厚的垂直环流发展条件;高空西风急流配合适合的垂直环流,产生动量下传,是超出一般强度的冷空气大风产生的原因;ECMWF和T639数值预报产品均成功地预报出了此次强风过程。     

夏季逐月东亚高空西风急流经向偏移与热带中、东太平洋海温的关联

Previous studies have shown that meridional displacement of the East Asian upper-tropospheric jet stream (EAJS) dominates interannual variability of the EAJS in the summer months. This study investigates the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies associated with meridional displacement of the monthly EAJS during the summer. The meridional displacement of the EAJS in June is significantly associated with the tropical central Pacific SST anomaly in the winter of previous years, while displacements in July and August are related to tropical eastern Pacific SST anomalies in the late spring and concurrent summer. The EAJS tends to shift southward in the following June (July and August) corresponding to a warm SST anomaly in the central (eastern) Pacific in the winter (late spring-summer). The westerly anomaly south of the Asian jet stream is a result of tropical central Pacific warm SST anomaly-related warming in the tropical troposphere, which is proposed as a possible reason for southward displacement of the EAJS in June. The late spring-summer warm SST anomaly in the tropical eastern Pacific, however, may be linked to southward displacement of the EAJS in July and August through a meridional teleconnection over the western North Pacific (WNP) and East Asia.     

2008年初南疆持续性降雪天气过程水汽条件分析

应用2008年NCEP/NCAR全球再分析逐日网格点资料(2.5°×2.5°)和1970-2008年1-2月南疆29个气象站的日降雪量资料,分析了2008年初南疆盆地持续性降雪天气的大气环流形势演变、水汽源地、水汽输送以及低空急流对水汽输送和集中的作用.结果表明,可降水量场与水汽通量矢量场的分布不一致,水汽源地中以北海的水汽输送贡献最大;水汽输送通过西方和东方输送路径、在中层和中低层进行,西方和东方路径均在青藏高原西侧转为西南气流的水汽输送带,700hPa上的水汽输送较500hPa上强;低空西北和西南急流的建立和维持,对水汽长距离的输送至南疆发挥了重要作用.     

广东2008年罕见“龙舟水”特点及成因诊断分析

2008年5月下旬末至6月中旬,广东出现了历史罕见的持续时间长、范围大、强度强、灾害重的暴雨到大暴雨降水过程,并有4个明显降水期.诊断分析发现:过程是在亚洲中纬度两槽一弱脊,东槽明显的平均背景场产生的,副高较弱位置较东,南支槽活跃,每一强降水期与一次西风槽的影响相联系,高空急流和低层切变线的南压过程配合一次强降水的发生;低空急流的最大风速变化与暴雨的发生同步,降水的减弱期伴随低空急流的向上抬升;过程的水汽源于孟加拉湾和南海,而以前者为主,水汽的辐合主要发生在华南沿海;龙舟水期间存在两个明显的局地经向环流,低层的两股气流在20～25°N区辐合抬升为持续性强龙舟水的产生提供了稳定的上升运动背景;4个主降水期有3个是在层结不稳定的条件下出现暴雨.     

夏季新疆降水异常与印度降水的关系

利用1960-2003年6～8月新疆75个气象站降水量、印度地区降水量和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了新疆夏季降水量与印度降水之间的关系,以及印度降水变化与新疆降水异常联系的可能的物理机制.研究表明.印度降水与新疆夏季降水量之间存在显著的反相关关系,它们之间的线性相关系数为-0.39.夏季印度降水变化与其西北侧的西亚-中亚地区对流层平均温度呈显著正相关,从而与对流层高层南亚高压中心东西振荡和高压西部强弱,西亚地氏副热带西风急流(西亚急流)强度和南北位置振荡,500 hPa伊朗高压南北和东西振荡密切联系,夏季印度降水变化通过与这些影响新疆降水的系统联系而与新疆夏季降水呈显著的反相关关系.Eliassen-Palto通量(EP通量)的动力学诊断分析进一步表明,印度季风偏强(偏弱)导致南亚高压两侧由南向北进入亚洲西风急流人口处的波作用通量偏强(偏弱),使得西亚急流偏强(偏弱)、偏北(偏南).     

The Influence of Transient Flow Distortion on Turbulence in Stable Weak-Wind Conditions

Transport by very weak turbulence near the surface, particularly with strong stratification, often violates existing similarity theory due partly to transient distortion of the wind profile by nonstationary mesoscale motions. This problem is examined with 4 months of flux data at seven levels on a 30-m tower. Difficulties with calculation of fluxes and shear with weak winds and weak turbulence are examined. The distortion of the wind profile assumes a wide variety of forms, but sometimes occurs with a transient wind maximum in the lowest 10 m. Though the vertical mixing of momentum is weak for weak-wind nonstationary conditions, it is often more efficient than predicted by existing similarity theory. In fact for weak-wind stable conditions, the flux-gradient relationship depends more on the curvature of the wind profile than the value of the stability parameter. This statistical study suggests a new direction for future work, but does not unravel the physics of the complex and varied structure for stratified weak-wind conditions.     

北京地区夏季边界层急流的基本特征及形成机理研究

首先指出了北京地区夏季边界层急流的基本特征, 即北京地区边界层急流一般出现在白天高温背景下或发生局地暴雨的夜间, 强度存在明显的日变化, 垂直分布具有明显的"鼻状"结构特征, 急流核高度一般为600～900 m.从中尺度扰动方程出发, 并通过天气过程演变实例, 研究了地形热力作用、局地强降水在边界层急流形成过程中的作用, 指出: (1)夏季高温背景下, 平原与山区之间温度梯度方向、强度的变化, 是造成低空风垂直切变加速或减速, 即边界层急流形成或消失的直接原因, 因此这种边界层急流的高度一般要低于山体的高度.(2)局地暴雨与边界层急流之间存在明显的正反馈现象: 由于局地暴雨同时改变了对流层中层和近地面层气温的水平分布, 这种热力强迫作用造成了边界层气流加速; 反过来, 边界层气流的加速又加强了急流前方的风速辐合--如果急流方向水平垂直于山坡, 这种迎风坡上的辐合将更强, 造成局地降水强度进一步增强.     

2015年5月18—19日江西南部区域性暴雨天气过程成因

利用常规气象观测资料及NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料,对2015年5月18—19日发生在江西南部的区域性大暴雨天气过程的雨情及影响系统进行了分析。结果表明,中高纬度地区东北冷涡东移南调,引导其南侧高空槽东移,并引发弱冷空气南下;副热带高压偏强且维持在18°N附近。弱冷空气与副热带高压北侧西南急流持续交汇有利于江西南部地区出现大暴雨的稳定环流型。副热带高压西北侧旺盛的水汽输送及辐合在江西南部的维持为大暴雨的发生提供了充足的水汽条件。多尺度系统相互作用导致江西南部的东北部局地较强的静止锋锋生作用是此次大暴雨天气过程发生的主要天气学成因。