Creating adaptive social-ecological fit: The role of regional actors in the governance of Sea-level rise adaptation in San Francisco bay

Sea level rise is one of the most pressing climate adaptation issues around the world. Often, coastal communities are interdependent in their exposure to sea level rise – if one builds a seawall, it will push water to another – and would benefit from a coordinated adaptive response. The literature on social-ecological systems (SES) calls for actors placed at higher levels of governance (e.g. regional government in a metropolitan area) to improve coordination between local managers by serving as brokers. However, we lack empirical insight on how higher-level actors might improve coordination in practice, and theoretical development on the implications of their intermediation. To address these gaps, we study the case of adaptation to sea level rise in the San Francisco Bay Area. We build a social-ecological network of social actors and shoreline segments using original survey data and simulated scenarios of tidal and traffic interdependencies between shoreline segments. We perform a frequency analysis of network motifs that operationalize social-ecological ‘fit’ in the context of the Bay Area. We find that regional actors and non-governmental organizations increase social-ecological fit by providing intermediation between actors who work on different shoreline segments, whether interdependent or not. This shows that these actors provide adaptive social-ecological fit, future-proofing the Bay Area to current and future climate adaptation challenges.     

An Extreme Monsoonal Heavy Rainfall Event over Inland South China in June 2023: A Synoptic Causes Analysis

An extreme monsoonal heavy rainfall event lasted for nine days and recurred in the interior of northern south China from June 13 to 21, 2022. Using regional meteorological stations and ERA5 reanalysis data, the causes of this extreme monsoonal rainfall event in south China were analyzed and diagnosed. The results are shown as follows. A dominant South Asian high tended to be stable near the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, providing favorable upper-level dispersion conditions for the occurrence of heavy rainfall in south China. A western Pacific subtropical high dominated the eastern part of the South China Sea, favoring stronger and more northward transport of water vapor to the northern part of south China at lower latitudes than normal. The continuous heavy precipitation event can be divided into two stages. The first stage (June 13-15) was the frontal heavy rainfall caused by cold air (brought by an East Asian trough) from the mid-latitudes that converged with a monsoonal airflow. The heavy rains occurred mostly in the area near a shear in front of the center of a synoptic-system-related low-level jet (SLLJ), and the jet stream and precipitation were strongest in the daytime. The second stage (June 16-21) was the warm-sector heavy rainfall caused by a South China Sea monsoonal low-level jet penetrating inland. The heavy rainfall occurred on the windward slope of the Nanling Mountains and in the northern part of a boundary layer jet (BLJ). The BLJ experienced five nighttime enhancements, corresponding well with the enhancement of the rainfall center, showing significant nighttime heavy rainfall characteristics. Finally, a conceptual diagram of inland-type warm-sector heavy rainfall in south China is summarized.     

沙漠地区无人机影像连接点提取

提出了一种纹理自适应的影像连接点提取方法,有针对性地解决沙漠地区无人机影像对比度低、相似性强、纹理信息不均衡,经常会造成连接点过少甚至提取、匹配失败的突出问题。该方法利用影像金字塔进行粗匹配,建立影像之间近似单应变换关系;通过对原始影像分块计算灰度共生矩阵的熵来评估影像纹理指标,并据此实现特征点的自适应提取与匹配。实验表明,该方法能够得到数量较多、分布均匀、可靠性强的同名点。     

基于Spark Streaming的实时流数据处理模型化研究与实现

通过研究与分析,选取Spark Streaming技术实现对P实时流数据的处理.同时,研究出一套模型化的方式,实现动态装配软件的执行过程;并通过具体的实例展示了两者结合后,在数据处理的易用性、性能及吞吐量方面,都得到了大幅提升.     

大连市沿海丘陵地区地铁精密控制网关键技术研究

介绍了大连市沿海丘陵地区地铁施工控制网布设、观测中关键技术的研究及解决方案,其中利用GPS静态观测与传统精密导线测量相结合组成混合网平差、将精密导线点纳入二等水准网,实现平高复用等技术,可给同类工程实施提供参考。     

东亚高空急流协同变化对冬季欧亚遥相关型气候效应的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和我国地面735站气温和降水资料,首先分析了欧亚遥相关型的时间演变和结构特征,在此基础上探讨了欧亚遥相关型不同位相时东亚大气环流的差异,并进一步研究了欧亚遥相关型影响我国冬季气温和降水过程中东亚高空急流的重要作用。从结构上看,欧亚遥相关型位势高度异常中心位于250 hPa高度,表现出准正压的结构。欧亚遥相关型位于正位相时,东亚温带急流强度偏弱且位置向北移动;副热带急流强度偏强,两支急流在45°N附近有明显分界;西伯利亚高压和阿留申低压强度增强;东亚大槽加深,槽线倾斜不明显。负位相时则相反。欧亚遥相关型与东亚高空急流的联系是其影响我国气温降水的重要原因。正欧亚遥相关型时,偏弱的温带急流区较强的北风分量有利于北方冷空气南下,从而造成我国气温偏低;偏强的副热带急流区增强的南风将副热带地区暖湿空气向北输送,两支急流协同变化,影响我国冬季降水异常的分布。去掉温带急流或副热带急流偏强的年份,欧亚遥相关型与我国温度、降水的相关性显著减弱,说明欧亚遥相关型是通过东亚高空急流协同变化的桥梁,对我国温度和降水异常产生影响。进一步研究发现,欧亚遥相关型与副热带急流的关系不如其与温带急流稳定,导致在欧亚遥相关型同一位相时东亚高空急流存在两种不同的配置,这种高空急流配置的不唯一性使得东亚高空急流能对欧亚遥相关型的气候效应起到调控作用。     

WINTERTIME MIDDLE EAST SUBTROPICAL WESTERLY JET STREAM INTERANNUAL VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS POSSIBLE PHYSICAL FACTORS

Using National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Department of Energy (NCEP/DOE) monthly reanalysis data and an extended reconstruction of the sea surface temperature data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the basic characteristics of the interannual variation in the wintertime Middle East subtropical westerly jet stream (MEJ) and its possible physical factors are studied. The results show that the climatological mean MEJ axis extends southwestward-northeastward and that its center lies in the northwest part of the Arabian Peninsula. The south-north shift of the MEJ axis and its intensity show obvious interannual variations that are closely related to the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the mid-high latitude atmospheric circulation. The zonal symmetric response of the Asian jet to the ENSO-related tropical convective forcing causes the MEJ axis shift, and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) causes the middle-western MEJ axis shift. Due to the influences of both the zonal symmetric response of the Asian jet to the ENSO-related tropical convective forcing and the dynamical role of the AO, an east-west out-of-phase MEJ axis shift is observed. Furthermore, the zonal asymmetric response to the ENSO-related tropical convective forcing can lead to an anomalous Mediterranean convergence (MC) in the high troposphere. The MC anomaly excites a zonal wave train along the Afro-Asian jet, which causes the middle-western MEJ axis shift. Under the effects of both the zonal symmetric response to the ENSO-related tropical convective forcing and the wave train along the Afro-Asian jet excited by the MC anomaly, an east-west in-phase MEJ axis shift pattern is expressed. Finally, the AO affects the MEJ intensity, whereas the East Atlantic (EA) teleconnection influences the middle-western MEJ intensity. Under the dynamical roles of the AO and EA, the change in the MEJ intensity is demonstrated.     

长江中上游平原地区冬季雾观测分析

长江中上游年平均雾日数达到20~106 d,是我国主要雾区之一。利用2010年12月在江汉平原观测获得的边界层廓线和雾滴谱资料,重点分析了该地区冬季雾过程的边界层结构及其生消过程。结果表明:荆州冬季雾多出现在寒潮过境1~2 d后,多为平流辐射雾;雾顶发展是水汽在上层逆温下积累,并伴随200~300 m高度冷平流降温引起;近地层冷平流降温导致饱和水汽压减小,同时上层系统性下沉增温引起逆温增强,水汽积累促使强浓雾过程产生;低空急流促使外界偏干气流与雾体混合后雾滴蒸发,是该地区雾顶迅速下降的主要原因;平均数浓度为150~406个·cm-3,极大值达到1 983个·cm-3,平均液水含量为0.014~0.118 g·m-3,极值达到0.786 g·m-3,与南京和重庆强浓雾观测值相似,超过其他地区观测值。城市地区高气溶胶浓度,配合充足的水汽条件,使得荆州雾过程微物理参量数值较大,易出现能见度小于50 m,持续时间4~9 h的强浓雾过程。     

福建春季西南急流暖湿强迫背景下的强对流天气流型配置及环境条件分析

根据2002—2013年福建26次春季强对流天气过程中12例由西南急流暖湿强迫产生的强对流天气的高低空环流配置,利用常规高空、地面观测资料以及NCEP再分析资料,运用中尺度对流天气的天气图分析技术建立福建春季西南风低空急流暖湿强迫背景下的强对流天气流型的识别方法,并统计静力稳定度、水汽、抬升和垂直风切变条件及相应物理量要素,初步揭示了福建省春季西南急流暖湿强迫背景下的强对流天气过程的特征和规律。此类强对流天气是由对流层中、高层干冷空气位于低层强烈发展的暖湿平流之上形成显著条件不稳定层结,逆温、干暖盖、中低层有利的水汽条件,上干下湿的温湿廓线以及低空辐合、高空辐散为强对流天气的发生提供了有利的环境条件,强对流天气系统由地面的锋面、辐合线、热低压、925 hPa辐合线以及西南急流脉动等中尺度天气系统触发,对流生成后在西南风急流引导下移入有利于对流发展的不稳定区域使得对流持续发展,强垂直风切变配合较大的对流有效位能有利于对流风暴持续发展。     

Mapping crime harm and priority locations in New Zealand: A comparison of spatial analysis methods

Despite progress being advanced with spatial approaches to crime and crime control, the geography of crime harm has to date received little attention. The recent development of “Crime Harm Indices”, which weight crimes by an estimate of the relative harm they cause, offers an opportunity to improve on volume based spatial analysis approaches to identify where crime harm concentrates.This study aims to address this issue via the use of a Crime Harm Index (CHI) developed for New Zealand. By contrast to localized ‘harm-spotting’ analysis, we apply a census unit based approach to identify, at a macro level, the neighborhoods and wider communities suffering the highest crime harm in New Zealand. This approach enables harm to be viewed not only as a total Index but as a rate controlled for population and allows for the identification of census based sociodemographic factors which predict harm. Specifically, this paper compares the CHI with the New Zealand Priority Locations Index (PLI), an existing census unit based crime analysis tool which combines crime and demographic variables to identify communities vulnerable to crime and disorder issues.In this study CHI and PLI scores were calculated for Census Area Units (normally containing 3000–5000 population) across New Zealand. Bivariate correlations and a general linear model were used to determine the relationships between the CHI and PLI and additional population related variables. The CHI and PLI were weakly correlated, with population size and urban/rural categorization also accounting for CHI variance. Mapping techniques are used to illustrate outlier locations where the CHI and PLI differ widely and to identify location features which may assist in explaining CHI/PLI differences.This work exemplifies a novel geographic approach to the problem of crime harm with implications for resource allocation at national through to local levels. Wider implications for the theory and practice of crime and crime harm control are discussed, along with limitations of the study and areas for further research.