珠江三角洲治水方针的实施和发展

珠江三角洲网河区治水方针从联围筑闸、以防为主,到合理导治、以泄为主,再到近期以清障为主。联围筑闸,利多弊少。洪水位长期呈上升趋势,但堤围的标准偏低。十余年来,口门的水沙分配发生了很大变化,口门整治必须合理围垦和适当疏浚。三角洲腹心地区洪峰水位异常壅高,主要是由于北江的分流比增大。近期有必要清除河障,疏浚主干河道,但是长远之计是兴建思贤和南华水闸,调控西江、北江的流量,确保防洪安全。     

典型山地水土要素时空耦合特征及其成因

水土资源是人类生存的基础,山地水土要素耦合性与“三生空间”的功能性密切相关,其耦合的时空过程及规律关乎山区的生态服务与经济社会可持续发展。通过构建更加科学的水土要素耦合指数对太行山地、横断山地、黔桂喀斯特山地水土要素耦合特征进行大尺度、长时序的分析,并采用地理探测器方法分析了各时期水土耦合的影响因素。结果表明：① 三大山地水土要素耦合空间差异十分显著。太行山地以缺水区为主,横断山地以平衡区为主,黔桂喀斯特山地平衡区和充沛区兼有。② 垂直分异上,三大山地水土要素耦合指数分别在1300 m、1800~3400 m、500~1500 m处发生变异。各山地水土要素耦合指数在生态功能亚区表现为,林地生态亚区>林草复合生态亚区>农业生态亚区。③ 三大山地水土要素耦合的空间异质性是自然要素和人文要素综合作用的结果。其中,气候要素为主导驱动,地形地貌和土地利用居次,人为作用叠加在自然作用之上,加剧了水土要素耦合的时空复杂性和变异性。本文构建的水土要素耦合指数,加深了山地水土要素相互作用的时空过程研究,可为促进变化环境下的山区可持续发展提供决策依据。     

山东省平邑县归来庄金矿床充水因素分析及水害治理方向

归来庄金矿床为鲁西南地区唯一特大型金矿床,矿山已经转为地下开采,目前矿山正常涌水量为98491m3/d,矿坑共发生中大型突水56次,其中最大突水点水量高达2000m^3/h,矿山涌水量大,突水频繁,矿坑涌(突)水对矿山深部开采生产安全构成了严重的威胁。该文通过收集以往矿床勘查、核实水文地质资料、地下水连同试验成果、矿山水文地质监测资料并经现场调查,认为该矿山充水来源主要有三个方面:大气降水,地表水(浚河水)和碳酸盐岩裂隙岩溶水,其中碳酸盐岩裂隙岩溶水对矿床直接充水,大气降水和浚河水通过碳酸盐岩含水岩组的导水通道间接补给矿坑。矿山水害治理重点在奥陶系碳酸盐岩类含水岩组的岩溶、构造导水通道,提出了对浚河河床漏水点进行注浆封堵和地下水帷幕注浆截流治水方案。     

Flood hydrograph simulation in ungaged basins: modeling linear–nonlinear storage-discharge relationships in a semiarid mountain region

For the purpose of flood mitigation in a mountain region, this study aims to evaluate the degree of nonlinearity in the hydrologic storage-discharge relationship. The study area includes a mesoscale catchment, its headwater subcatchment, and its large-scale parent basin in the Zagros mountain region of southwestern Iran. Rainfall events are divided into two variable classes, Low Temporal (LT) and High Temporal (HT), based on their heterogeneity across time. For Low Temporal rainfall events, the mesoscale catchment and its headwater subcatchment show strong nonlinear behavior, but their responses tend to be less nonlinear for High Temporal rainfall events. Meanwhile, for High Temporal events, soil moisture has a dominant role in catchment response. On the other hand, a different perspective is drawn for the larger basin because a strong nonlinear response is obtained for all events regardless of temporal heterogeneities and soil moisture conditions, emphasizing the filtering effect of catchment extent on the rainfall–runoff process.     

额济纳旗典型地表沙尘释放潜力及沙尘天气频发成因

额济纳旗位于极端干旱的内陆河下游,绿洲退化严重,沙尘天气频发,已成为内蒙古西部主要沙尘源区。为揭示该区域沙尘频繁成因,对区域4种典型地表(富沙砾戈壁、富沙戈壁、绿洲退化地、绿洲)沉积物组分、风蚀强度、沙尘释放强度、多年平均月沙尘日数及大风日数等进行了综合分析。结果表明:以风沙活动为主要特征的绿洲退化地,粉沙黏土组分含量高,PM10沙尘释放强度大(0.2796 kg·d^-1·m^-2),为研究区强沙尘释放地表;富沙及富沙砾戈壁地表,风蚀强度大,但粉沙黏土组分含量低,PM10沙尘释放强度较大(0.1267kg·d^-1·m^-2,0.0672 kg·d^-1·m^-2);尽管绿洲地表粉沙黏土组分含量高,但由于植被、水分等因素的制约,其PM10沙尘释放强度最小(0.0240 kg·d^-1·m^-2)。额济纳旗绿洲被大面积强沙尘释放源(绿洲退化地和戈壁)包围,局地沙尘内循环过程中粉尘颗粒的富积,为当地高频沙尘天气提供了丰富的尘源,这是额济纳旗沙尘天气频发的主要原因。     

Modelling Chorabari Lake outburst flood,Kedarnath, India

In this study, the Glacier Lake Outburst Flood(GLOF) that occurred over Kedarnath in June 2013 was modeled using integrated observations from the field and Remote Sensing(RS). The lake breach parameters such as area, depth, breach, and height have been estimated from the field observations and Remote Sensing(RS) data. A number of modelling approaches, including Snow Melt Runoff Model(SRM), Modified Single Flow model(MSF), Watershed Management System(WMS), Simplified Dam Breach Model(SMPDBK) and BREACH were used to model the GLOF. Estimations from SRM produced a runoff of about 22.7 m3 during 16–17, June 2013 over Chorabari Lake. Bathymetry data reported that the lake got filled to its maximum capacity(3822.7 m3) due to excess discharge. Hydrograph obtained from the BREACH model revealed a peak discharge of about 1699 m3/s during an intense water flow episode that lasted for 10–15 minutes on 17 th June 2013. Excess discharge from heavy rainfall and snowmelt into the lake increased its hydrostatic pressure and the lake breached cataclysmically.     

华南地区漓江上游3种典型森林不同层次土壤湿度比较研究（英文）

不同森林植被改变了林下穿透雨、树干径流、蒸发散和地表入渗,进而对林下不同层次土壤湿度产生重要影响。以华南地区漓江上游3种典型森林,包括毛竹林(Phyllostachyspubescens)、荷木林(Schimasuperba)和杉木林(Cunninghamia lanceolata)为研究对象,比较其不同层次土壤湿度及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)毛竹林、荷木林和杉木林3种典型植被林下凋落物层和土壤层存在明显差异,荷木林林下土壤入渗强于毛竹林和杉木林;(2)由于森林植被垂直结构差异,从0–20cm表层土壤到50–80 cm深层土壤,3种典型植被不同层次土壤湿度存在较大的时空差异;(3)荷木林各层次土壤湿度都明显高于毛竹林和杉木林;(4)各层次土壤含水量与年降雨关系密切,随雨旱两季变化,毛竹林、荷木林和杉木林不同层次土壤湿度随降雨变化趋势基本一致;(5)在0–20 cm表层土壤,土壤湿度主要受地表凋落物性质的影响,而在深层土壤,土壤湿度主要受植物根系分布和土壤物理性质的影响。本研究为深入了解漓江上游森林植被对降水产流的调节作用,客观评估漓江上游水资源和科学管理水源涵养林提供理论依据。     

RITC活跃年份的气候特征及个例研究

利用1981—2010年期间的热带气旋实况数据、ERA-Interim逐月和逐日的再分析资料及NOAA提供的向外长波辐射月数据,采用合成分析方法及天气学方法,对强度快速增强气旋活跃年份及不活跃年份的海温条件、向外长波辐射、垂直风切变、100 hPa位势高度距平场及季风槽进行了特征分析,结果表明:(1)RITC活跃年份-不活跃年份的海温距平场多表现为厄尔尼诺特征,即活跃年份的整个赤道中东太平洋海温较不活跃年份明显偏高;(2)RITC活跃年份所对应的赤道大部分地区(140°E以东)向外长波辐射值更低,表明对流活动明显东移;(3)RITC活跃年份的垂直风切变较小区域较不活跃年份总体偏东10～15个经度;(4)RITC活跃年份的南亚高压主体东端出现明显的扩展;(5)RITC活跃年份的季风槽为偏东型,不活跃年份的季风槽则为西北型。同时,对具有代表性的1983年第10号热带气旋"Forrest"的物理量场进行分析后发现:在该气旋强度快速增长阶段,气旋的整个中低层增暖增湿效果明显;表征积云对流发展的大范围的对流有效位温高值区存在于气旋及其周围,尤其是前进方向上;该阶段仍存在较强的垂直风切变,但强度及范围明显变弱、变小;各通道的水汽条件充沛。     

Use of genetic algorithm in new approach to modeling of flood routing

The hydrological models and simpli?ed methods of Saint-venant equations are used extensively in hydrological modeling, in particular for the simulation of the ?ood routing. These models require speci?c and extensive data that usually makes the study of ?ood propagation an arduous practice. We present in this work a new model, based on a transfer function, this function is a function of parametric probability density, having a physical meaning with respect to the propagation of a hydrological signal. The inversion of the model is carried out by an optimization technique called Genetic Algorithm. It consists of evolving a population of parameters based primarily on genetic recombination operators and natural selection to?nd the minimum of an objective function that measures the distance between observed and simulated data. The precision of the simulations of the proposed model is compared with the response of the Hayami model and the applicability of the model is tested on a real case, the N'Fis basin river, located in the High Atlas Occidental, which presents elements that appear favorable to the study of the propagation. The results obtained are very satisfactory and the simulation of the proposed model is very close to the response of the Hayami model.     

基于GIS/AHP集成的浙江省洪涝灾害风险评估

将GIS技术引入洪涝灾害风险评估,可以弥补传统方法评估结果空间化显示不足的缺点。本文针对浙江省洪涝灾害的发生特点,从危险性和易损性两方面选择了浙江省洪涝灾害的影响因素,包括降雨量、地形、河网密度、人口密度和耕地百分比等因子。运用GIS空间分析技术对各因子进行空间化,结合层次分析法（AHP）确定各影响因素的权重,进行浙江省洪涝灾害风险评估和制图,并基于SuperMap iObjects平台设计与开发了浙江省洪涝灾害风险评估系统。研究结果表明：浙江省发生洪涝灾害的风险普遍偏高,高风险区域位于浙北和浙东南的沿海地带,较高风险区域位于浙东、浙南和浙北地区及金衢盆地中间地区,中等风险区位于浙南的西面、浙北及浙西地区。本文分析结果可为浙江省洪涝灾害预防和管理提供决策依据。