登陆台风短时定量降水预报方法初探

利用登陆台风的GMS-5 IR1 TBB资料及地面自动站逐时雨量资料,初步建立了适用于登陆台风的定量降水估计(QPE)方法,基于QPE结果,采用外推法,初步实现了对登陆台风未来0~3 h的短时定量降水预报(QPF)。应用于0104号登陆台风“尤特”和0414号登陆台风“云娜”两个例表明:对单站逐小时雨量定量预报而言,如果50%相对误差可以接受,01、、23、h的QPF准确率分别达20%~70%、30%~80%、30%~70%、20%~60%;对于单站过程雨量定量预报而言,如果50%相对误差可以接受,0、1、2、3 h的QPF准确率基本都达60%~80%;对未来0~3 h的面雨量也具有一定定量预报能力。0~3 h QPF结果对实际短时登陆台风降水业务预报工作具有一定的参考价值。     

非地转湿Q矢量在台风“云娜”暴雨过程中的分析应用

应用非地转湿Q矢量理论,对2004年8月12-15日台风“云娜”登陆后造成的大范围持续暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果表明,非地转湿Q矢量能比较清楚地揭示台风暴雨的演变过程,非地转湿Q矢量的散度负值区和流场辐合区与未来12小时的强降水落区有较好的对应关系；非地转湿Q矢量的散度的垂直分布能够反映台风外围对流发展的深度,对判断台风在陆地上的维持有一定的意义。     

RELATION BETWEEN SUMMER TYPHOON FREQUENCY ANOMALIES IN WEST PACIFIC AND ENSO EVENTS AND THE ANOMALOUS ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION CHARACTERISTICS

By using data of serially numbered typhoons in northwestern Pacific and NOAA OLR data and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data of wind field, based on the statistics and study of the relationship between the calendar years with more (or fewer) summer typhoons and ENSO events, we compared the composites of OLR eigenvectors and tropical summer wind fields during El Nino and La Nina events with more or fewer than normal summer typhoons, respectively. The results show that, in summer, without remarkable systematic anomalies of Mascarene High and Australia High in South Hemisphere, the anomaly of Walker circulation will dominate and follow the rule of ENSO impacts to atmospheric circulation and typhoon frequency. Otherwise, when systematic anomalies of Australia High appear during the El Nino events, circulation anomalies in the South Hemisphere will dominate, and many more typhoons will occur. In 1999, which is a special year of La Nina events, northward and eastward monsoon was induced by the stronger Mascarene High, and fewer typhoons arose. The typhoon source are regions where weak vertical wind shear, warm pool in western Pacific and the area with monsoon troughs are overlapping with each other. Finally, this paper analyzes and compares the source locations and ranges of more (fewer) typhoons in the events of El Nino and La Nina, respectively.     

APPLICATION OF BDA SCHEME IN TYPHOON TRACK PREDICTION

The MM5, which is the PSU/NCAR mesoscale nonhydrostatic limited-area model, and its adjoining modeling system are used in this paper. Taking T106 analysis data as background field the authors generate an optimal initial condition of a typhoon by using two bogus data assimilation schemes, and conduct some numerical simulating experiments. The results of No.9608 typhoon (Gloria) show that the optimal initial field have some dramatic improvements, such as inaccurate position of typhoon center, weaker typhoon circulation and incomplete inner structure of the typhoon, which are caused by shortage of data over the sea. Some improvements have been made in the track forecast. Through several comparing experiments, the initialization optimized by BDA scheme is found to be more reasonable than GFDL scheme and its typhoon track forecast is better.     

“碧利斯”引发广西异常暴雨的成因分析

利用常规气象资料和卫星云图等资料对“碧利斯”造成异常暴雨的成因进行了综合分析，结果表明：“碧利斯”登陆减弱成的低压进入广西为强降水提供了动力抬升条件；中低层低压环流与强盛的西南暖湿气流相互作用，为降水云团不断发生和发展提供“燃料”；低层水汽辐合、高层辐散和强烈的上升运动是造成异常暴雨的主要原因。     

浅谈台风雨性质的辨别

利用地面观测资料,以及观测经验,对台风产生的降水过程进行分析,从中鉴别出该降水是阵性还是非阵性。     

多普勒雷达探测“艾利”台风风场不对称结构

2004年8月25日, “艾利”台风在靠近我国台湾东北部海域后不同于正常路径, 先后发生两次左折, 先是西北转偏西, 再偏西转西南, 这种路径在历史上极为罕见。通过“艾利”台风的雷达观测事实, 从单多普勒雷达和双多普勒雷达均发现在台风前进方向的右前方, 即西北象限风速极值大于其他象限, 进一步证明了“艾利”台风的风场分布遵循波数为1的非对称性, 从位于台风不同象限的福州长乐和厦门两站雷达资料, 以及常规的地面观测、高空探测资料和NCEP数值预报再分析资料都得到证实。研究表明, “艾利”台风处在大陆高压东南侧, 台风外围存在一支7 m/s左右的环境风场引导气流。因此, 西北象限风速极值大于其他象限的不对称分布可能是由环境风场和台风本身两方面共同造成的, 这种不对称分布有利于维持“艾利”台风向西南方向移动。在我国东南沿海地区, 由于单部多普勒雷达不可能同时探测到台风的西北、东北和西南3个象限的风速极值, 而双多普勒雷达或多多普勒雷达联合探测台风, 则可以同时探测到3个象限的风速极值, 根据风速极值可能存在的不对称分布情况来预测台风的路径转折趋势, 因此重视双多普勒雷达或多多普勒雷达联合探测对于提高监测预报水平具有重要的意义。     

影响中国的台风频数年代际变化趋势:1951-2004年

Interdecadal variations in the frequency of typhoon affecting China (TAC) during 1951-2004 were investigated in this study. The yearly frequency of TACs showed a slightly increasing trend from the 1950s to the early 1970s and a significant decreasing trend afterwards. There were more TACs during the 1960s while the most inactive period was observed in recent 10 years. A decreasing trend was observed in the monthly frequency of TACs in June, August and September throughout the 54 years. Large interannual variabilities were apparent in yearly and monthly frequencies of TACs.     

9711号台风的移动路径和影响山东的特大暴雨分析

对９７１１号台风的移动路径及其造成的暴雨进行了分析。分析表明,副高外围环流在台风移动过程中有明显的引导作用;台风的移动路径和暴雨落区与正涡度轴线及高能轴线都有较好的对应关系;对流层中层变能场的分布对台风移动路径有明显的预报指示意义。     

FY-4A GIIRS高时间分辨率温湿度廓线反演及其在台风中的应用

针对2020年第9号台风"美莎克"期间FY-4A 高光谱红外干涉式大气垂直探测仪GIIRS每15 min一次的目标区跟踪加密观测资料,用三维卷积神经网络算法反演的全天空大气温度、湿度廓线分析了台风处于生命史不同阶段时暖心结构和湿度场结构的演变特征。结果表明:卷积神经网络的深度机器学习算法可以用来反演全天空的三维大气温度和湿度垂直廓线,不光适用范围广(晴空和有云视场)、反演精度高,而且反演速度快。利用静止卫星平台高时间分辨率的特性,反演得到的温度、湿度廓线可以细致追踪台风处于发展、成熟和登陆等阶段时暖心结构和湿度场的时空演变特征。台风从发展阶段(热带风暴和强热带风暴)到成熟阶段至登陆消亡时,暖心首先出现在对流层中高层较薄的区域,随着台风强度的加强,深厚的暖心结构明显、强度增加,水平面积增大且垂直往下延伸。由于对流云中强上升气流的输送水汽正距平区逐渐上传至300 hPa,台风最强时密闭云区与四周下沉气流区比湿差高到8 K·kg^-1。暖心结构和高湿度中心随着台风登陆而逐渐消失。