Satellite and ground observations for large-scale air pollution transport in the Yellow Sea region

Large-scale air pollution transport (LSAPT) in the Yellow Sea region and their inflow onto the Korean Peninsula were observed through satellite images and ground measurements. LSAPT includes regional continental air-masses saturated with pollutants originating from China and subsequently landing on or passing through the Korean Peninsula. It is also possible to identify the distribution and transport patterns of LSAPT over the Yellow Sea. The ground concentrations for PM10, PM2.5 and CO measured at Cheongwon, located in the centre of south Korea, were compared with NOAA satellite images. Notably, the episodes observed of the LSAPT show a PM2.5 to PM10 ratio of 74% of the daily maximum concentrations. However, cases of duststorms were clearly distinguished by much higher PM10 concentrations and a ratio of 30% of PM2.5 to PM10 for daily maximum concentrations. For the episode on January 27, 2006, the inflow of a regionally polluted continental air-mass into the central and southwestern regions of the Korean Peninsula was observed sequentially at various ground observatories as well as by satellite. The north airflow dissipated the clouds over Mt. Halla on Jeju Island and further downwind, reducing air pollution and creating a von Kármán vortex.     

Diagnostic analysis of the evolution mechanism for a vortex over the Tibetan Plateau in June 2008

Based on the final analyses data (FNL) of the Global Forecasting System of the NCEP and the obser- vational radiosonde data, the evolution mechanism of an eastward-moving low-level vortex over the Tibetan Plateau in June 2008 was analyzed. The results show that the formation of the vortex was related to the convergence between the northwesterly over the central Tibetan Plateau from the westerly zone and the southerly from the Bay of Bengal at 500 hPa, and also to the divergence associated with the entrance re- gion of the upper westerly jet at 200 hPa. Their dynamic effects were favorable for ascending motion and forming the vortex over the Tibetan Plateau. Furthermore, the effect of the atmospheric heat source (Q1) is discussed based on a transformed potential vorticity (PV) tendency equation. By calculating the PV budgets, we showed that Q1 had a great inffuence on the intensity and moving direction of the vortex. In the developing stage of the vortex, the heating of the vertically integrated Q1 was centered to the east of the vortex center at 500 hPa, increasing PV tendency to the east of the vortex. As a result, the vortex strengthened and moved eastward through the vertically uneven distribution of Q1. In the decaying stage, the horizontally uneven heating of Q1 at 500 hPa weakened the vortex through causing the vortex tubes around the vortex to slant and redistributing the vertical vorticity field.     

北半球冬季遥相关型环流异常的若干性质

用１９５１－１９８５年间北半球冬季７００，５００，１００ｈＰａ月平均位势高度场，分析了Ｗａｌｌａｃｅ等提出的５个遥相关型所对应的环流异常和它们的性质，发现它们在对流层中下部是相当正压结构，在对流层上部减弱消失，某些遥相关型（如ＥＵ，ＰＮＡ）环流异常存在明显；主要遥相关型环流异常的持续时间约为一个月。     

梅雨暴雨中高低空急流与西南涡的活动

利用MM5中尺度模式对1991年7月5日00时-6日12时的降水进行了数值模拟。通过对每3h一次模拟结果的诊断分析，发现高空急流的走向与西南涡的活动关系密切，当我国东部位于西北风急流时，西南低涡稳定少动；位于西风急流时，西南涡快速东移；位于西南风急流时，西南涡加强，移速减慢。暴雨活动与西南涡的东移一致。最初暴雨区稳定少动，之后暴雨区快速东移，后期暴雨区缓慢移动。湿位涡对西南涡的斜压性加大有重要的贡献。在西南涡斜压性未建立之前以及冷锋附近，雨区可位于低层西南风急流左侧的任何位置，当低涡的斜压性加大，出现暖空气的作用时，暴雨区均出现在西南风急流的左前方。     

青藏高原对其东北侧干旱形成的数值试验

应用再分析资料，指出高原边界层内存在北高南低偶极子型涡旋对的独特气候现象。根据当雄站1998年5月31日至6月4日感热通量的连续观测资料，确定了高原热力作用的时变特征，分别用不同的理想高原初始涡度场加定常热源强迫和时变热源强迫代入正压准地转涡度模式，研究了高原东北侧干旱的形成。认为有三种过程在起着重要作用，它们是：基流对上游反气旋涡旋的平流输送、南侧气旋涡旋的能量频散以及高原热力强迫引起的频散生成高值系统的增强。     

北半球500百帕极地环流与厄尔尼诺、南方涛动及我国气温场的遥相关

本文用1951—1984年的资料对500百帕、65°N以北的高度场作自然正交展开,用模糊聚类对典型场归类。指出,极涡月平均场有三种形态,1月份平均场形态较特殊;大尺度距平场也有三种形态,4月份距平场形态较特殊。此外,研究了典型场的时间权重系数与厄尔尼诺、南方涛动的关系。指出,厄尔尼诺现象发生的当年4月、10月极地大尺度距平场有明显的异常特征。这种极地环流异常已明显影响到我国4月份、10月份的气温场。因而,可能是厄尔尼诺年我国气温4月偏低、10月偏高的一个重要原因。     

弱二次切变流轴对称涡旋演变的解析研究

运用格林函数方法,给出了弱二次切变流轴对称涡旋演变的解析解.结果表明:当环境流中弱二次切变强度增加(减少)时,扰动动能的最大值增加(减小),扰动动能的变化加速(减速);而扰动涡旋的范围对扰动动能的大小与变化也存在一定的影响.     

Nonlinearity and finite-time instability in a T21L3 quasigeostrophic model

In this paper, a nonlinear optimization method is used to explore the finite-time instability of the atmospheric circulation with a three-level quasigeostrophic model under the framework of the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP). As a natural generalization of linear singular vector (SV), CNOP is defined as an initial perturbation that makes the cost function the maximum at a prescribed forecast time under certain physical constraint conditions. Special attentions are paid to the different structures and energy evolutions of the optimal perturbations.     

湿位涡守恒条件下西南涡的发展

运用高分辨率数值预报模式 (HIRLAM)模拟了一次中国西南地区在多种活跃天气系统影响下 ,西南涡的发展过程。分析了东亚季风、青藏高压、地形等多种尺度与不同高低空环流形势配合以及在湿位涡守恒条件下对流发展时 ,潜热及不稳定能量的释放 ,对中尺度涡旋和强对流发生发展的作用 ,探讨了西南涡和局地降水增强与消亡的成因与理论 ,并具有实用意义     

2011年中国4次成灾性气候异常及其原因分析

为了研究地震与气候异常的关系,从地震活动的角度对2011年发生在我国的4次成灾性气候异常进行了分析.结果表明,2011年长江中游春、夏季大旱的直接原因是3月24日发生在缅甸的7.2级地震;长江中下游6月上旬出现旱涝急转则与3月11日日本东部的9.0级地震及缅甸地震密不可分;鄂赣交界发生的4.6级地震对黄河中游秋汛的影响最为明显,这是“震侧强涡”造成的结果;2012年1月贵州冻雨较多也是受到印度锡金和我国东海两个地震形成的“拍涡”影响,这表明地震活动是影响天气、气候变化的可能原因之一.