岩石圈流变结构研究进展

岩石圈流变学研究,近年来国外已取得较大进展。国内学者在岩石圈热结构、强度剖面和盆地流变学演化、构造流变计等方面取得了丰富的成果。岩石圈流变性取决于岩石圈的地热状态、物质组成和结构,并量化为岩石圈总强度。不同构造区的地热状态可由地表热流值获得,岩石圈的物质组成和热力学结构可由地球物理资料获得,在此基础上可得出岩石圈流变性在区域上的变化。岩石圈流变性的空间变化产生了构造上的软弱带,成为极易变形区域。岩石圈流变性及岩石圈总强度反映的岩石圈热力学性质在盆地的形成过程中也起了重要作用,它决定了岩石圈的变形位置、盆地的几何形状及格局。构造流变计用来研究不同尺度地质体的流变结构和地质体的流变学演化,具有很好的发展前景。     

甘肃河东地区降雨特征分析研究

用甘肃河东地区19个气象站近15年雨量自记资料,分析了该区6月～9月各降雨持续时间和降雨强度下的雨量及其出现次数的分布特征,并初步分析了持续时间和雨强对雨量的综合作用。     

钱塘江江心排污的数值模拟

从立面二维非恒定流体动力学方程出发,应用κ-ε湍流模式计算流场,再用准三维的浓度对流-扩散方程,即考虑了侧向扩散的立面二维浓度控制方程,模拟了钱塘江江心6个竖管排污在潮流作用下近区浓度场,其结果和实际观测值基本吻合。     

Simulation of the ocean surface mixed layer under the wave breaking

A one-dimensional mixed-layer model, including a Mellor-Yamada level 2.5 turbulence closure scheme, was implemented to investigate the dynamical and thermal structures of the ocean surface mixed layer in the northern South China Sea. The turbulent kinetic energy released through wave breaking was incorporated into the model as a source of energy at the ocean surface, and the influence of the breaking waves on the mixed layer was studied. The numerical simulations show that the simulated SST is overestimated in summer without the breaking waves. However, the cooler SST is simulated when the effect of the breaking waves is considered, the corresponding discrepancy with the observed data decreases up to 20% and the MLD calculated averagely deepens 3.8 m. Owing to the wave-enhanced turbulence mixing in the summertime, the stratification at the bottom of the mixed layer was modified and the temperature gradient spread throughout the whole thermocline compared with the concentrated distribution without wave breaking.     

南海热带气旋的气候变化及强度预测方法研究

建立南海海域1949～2007年6～10月份热带气旋（以下简称TC）年、月频数和TC中心强度的历史资料统计文件,分析TC的年月变化。结果表明：近50年,TC具有10a左右的周期变化,1964～1974年和1985～1995年为南海两个强台风以上级别频发期,1997～2006年为TC频数少且强度弱的时期。同时TC强度的空间分布分析结果表明,中沙北部海域和东沙西部海域为强台风多发生区,各月TC强度分布特征明显不同,且其加强通道具有南-北-南阶段性变化。另外,通过分别对1949～2007年北半球500hPa高度场及海温场的格点资料和TC强度历史资料的相关计算,选取高相关格点,根据相关权重组成组合因子,构建二次型预测方程,做年月TC强度预测。预测检验结果显示,冬季的高度场和海温场对次年的TC强度预测效果良好。     

重力式海洋平台沉箱的断裂分析

研究重力式海洋平台沉箱的表面裂纹最大深度,通过考虑沉箱有一个内表面裂纹,将问题简化为无裂纹重力式平台问题和带裂纹矩形板问题的叠加,应用有限元方法对重力式海洋平台无裂纹情形进行了静力分析,得到了与裂纹位置对应处的环向拉应力。计算裂纹矩形板的应力强度因子,得到海洋环境荷载下沉箱内表面裂纹的最大深度为0.066 8m,计算结果可供海洋平台的设计参考。     

“门”地貌单元的能量耗散和过程机制

基岩岛屿组成的"门"地貌单元是珠江河口区别于世界其他河口的重要地貌特征之一。文章基于重整化群k-ε湍流模型(RNG k-ε)的FLOW3D流体计算模型研究了"门"地貌单元的时均动力结构及湍流能耗特性。"门"地形致动力结构伴随不同类型能耗区。根据能耗空间分布特性可分为核心区(A1区)、混合区(A2区)、上游区(A3区)、下游区(A4区)。"门"地形作用下,不同分区的动力结构、湍流特性、能量转化、能量耗散特征及其驱动机制不同。     

鄂尔多斯盆地塔巴庙地区上古生界源岩热演化特征

鄂尔多斯盆地北部主力气源岩太原组、山西组煤系地层热成熟史的研究对本区天然气充注过程和有利目标区预测具有重要的参考价值。在对研究区烃源岩评价和一维、二维地质建模研究的基础上。利用BasinMod盆地模拟软件对单井以及研究区内二维剖面、平面进行了煤系烃源岩热演化史模拟研究。研究结果表明：（1）该区在中三叠世进入生烃门限,中侏罗世以后,烃源岩持续埋深,早白垩世末期至最大埋深（4000m左右）,绝大多数的天然气都在这一阶段生成,早白垩世末构造抬升以后只有少量天然气生成;（2）研究区上古生界太原组和山西组煤系源岩最大累积生烃强度可达到2200×10^8m^3／km^2,对现今天然气的分布具有较强的控制作用。     

Phytoplankton production in two east coast estuaries: Photosynthesis-light functions and patterns of carbon assimilation in Chesapeake and Delaware Bays

Chesapeake Bay is a large and productive estuary that has received close scrutiny in recent years because of indications that its water quality and biota have been damaged by man's activities. Data on primary production for the estuary as a whole, however, are surprisingly sparse. We describe here the distribution of photosynthetic carbon assimilation by phytoplankton in Chesapeake Bay, and relate productivity patterns to hydrographic characteristics of the estuary. Between March 1982 and April 1983, a series of four cruises was conducted on Chesapeake Bay, and two cruises on the urbanized Delaware Bay for comparison. The upper Chesapeake and Delaware were highly turbid with high concentrations of suspended particulate matter and dissolved inorganic nutrients. Low chlorophyll concentrations were usually found in these areas of high turbidity, despite the abundance of nutrients, suggesting light limitation. Application of Wofsy's (1983) model of phytoplanton growth confirmed this suggestion. Chlorophyll and productivity maxima usually occurred seaward of the turbidity maxima where light penetration increased and suffient nutrients were present to support active phytoplankton growth. Further seaward of the chlorophyll maxima in the Chesapeake, the photic zone depth increased, concentrations of nutrients decreased, and phytoplankton biomass decreased, suggesting that nutrient availability, rather than light, controlled phytoplankton growth in the lower portion of the estuary. In contrast to the Chesapeake, Delaware Bay was more turbid, had generally higher nutrient concentrations, and was lower in phytoplankton productivity. The chlorophyll maxima and region of rapid phytoplankton growth occurred further toward the lower estuary and shelf regions in Delaware Bay because the high turbidity extended further seaward. Nutrients were never depleted at the shelf end of the estuary sufficiently to retard phytoplankton growth. Photosynthesis-irradiance (P-I) curves from simulated in situ and constant intensity incubations showed a strong correlation of the light-limited slope (a^B) with the light-saturated rate ( ) on each cruise. Spatial variations in corresponded to patterns of phytoplankton abundance, as did integral production (PP) and carbon-based growth rates (μ_C, μ_m), and photosynthetic parameters varied significantly with temperature.     

环胶州湾公路海上段汽车尾气的环境影响

对类比路段进行连续模拟试验,进行现场调查,给出汽车尾气主要污染物的排污强度,预测了汽车尾气中CO、C_nH_m和NO_x的扩散范围。