A study of the behaviour of the Na i/K i column density ratio in the interstellar medium using the Na ultraviolet doublet

Here we make a new study of the behaviour of the Na  i /K  i column density ratio in the interstellar medium, using a sample of new observations of 28 stars obtained at the Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT) in 1996 and 1997, and previously published observations (obtained by some of the authors) of 21 stars. The sightlines cover a range of distances and directions, including into the Galactic halo. We make use of new observations of the Na  i ultraviolet (UV) doublet for some 18 stars. This doublet is much weaker than the Na  i D doublet and so is less susceptible to saturation effects, and it is well known that it can be used to obtain more accurate Na  i column densities with a smaller error range. We find an average N (Na  i )/ N (K  i ) ratio from the Na  i UV data of about 90, which is rather higher than that found previously by Hobbs and Lequeux. The Na  UV–K  i   ratio shows a small increase in value with increasing column density, while we also find a sample of low N (Na  i )/ N (K  i ) ratio clouds generally seen towards distant objects on high-latitude sightlines that reach into the halo, so that the ratio decreases more sharply at lower column densities. As the values of the ratio for these halo clouds  (10–20)  bracket the cosmic Na/K abundance ratio, we suggest that these ratios result from a harder radiation field in the lower halo, such that the ionized fractions of Na  i and K  i become similar. Clearly caution needs to be applied in using any kind of 'standard value' for the Na  i /K  i column density ratio.     

遗传算法优化的GPS对流层延迟内插算法

为了提高对流层延迟的插值精度,文章采用安徽省电力系统10个CORS基站的对流层延迟作为训练数据,8个CORS站的对流层延迟作为测试数据,建立一种基于遗传算法和BP神经网络的区域GPS对流层延迟内插方法(GABP),利用遗传算法优化BP神经网络权值和阈值的模型,该模型只需要输入测站点的经纬度和高程值。数据处理结果表明,在区域GPS对流层延迟预测中GA-BP模型是一种预测精度比较高的方法。     

基于全球导航卫星系统资料的短时降水预报

根据大气对天顶对流层延迟(Zenith Tropospheric Delay, ZTD)影响的变化特征,提出并实现了一种无气象数据短时降水预报的方法。利用2015年5—6月浙江连续运行参考站(Continuously Operating Reference Station, CORS)网的全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System, GNSS)观测数据和对应每小时的降水量信息对该方法进行验证,结果表明该方法能够预测出80%以上的降水事件,与国际上利用气象数据根据大气可降水量(Precipitable Water Vapor, PWV)预测出的结果精度相当。表明脱离地面实测气象数据仅利用ZTD对短时降水进行预报可行有效,对于降水的短时预报具有重要研究意义和应用价值。     

乍得湖盆地典型区域降雨入渗补给地下水试验

针对尼日利亚北部乍得湖盆地降雨入渗补给地下水的问题,选择典型区域开展土壤剖面取样工作,采用氯离子平衡法计算各剖面降雨入渗补给量,并结合野外调查、钻探等工作研究影响降雨入渗补给的主要因素。结果表明：4个取样点（Y₁、Y₂、Y₃、Y₄）土壤剖面年平均降雨入渗补给量分别为4.9、1.5、7.9、26.2 mm/a,平均值为10.1 mm/a,年平均降雨入渗补给率仅为0.72%、0.22%、1.17%、3.87%,平均值为1.49%;研究区降雨入渗补给量很少,降雨对地下水资源的补给有限,地下水的主要补给来源为Hadejia河;研究区蒸散发量大,植物根系发达、吸水能力强,地表入渗水分多在表层土壤中或泥质层与风积砂层交界面上消耗于蒸发蒸腾,最终散失到大气中。在人类活动严重改变Hadejia河水文情势的背景下,研究区这种独特的地下水补给特征导致地下水位快速下降,使得区内正面临较严重的地下水资源枯竭问题。     

海相年轻沉积物~(36)Cl定年研究

提取、纯化海相沉积颗粒表面"诱导吸附"的36Cl(和Cl),制成加速器质谱(AMS)测定放射性比度I(36Cl/Cl)所需的标准样品,即高纯度AgCl;定量计算出沉积颗粒沉积封闭时的放射性比度I0(36Cl/Cl),依据放射性衰败定律I=I0e-λt计算得到沉积年龄t。研究结果表明:年轻的海相沉积物沉积封闭时的36Cl放射性比度I0与地理纬度之间存在一定比例关系,采取具有代表性、无污染的太平洋表面海水(4°18′N,161°09′E),经AMS测出的36Cl放射性比度IL为99.34±10.30,再利用36Cl产率与纬度的关系图,得出"放射性比度-产率"的比例常数μ为23.65238。测定了两个海底沉积物和一个海底锰结核的放射性比度I,计算得到的沉积年龄分别为83.2×104a、74.0×104a、17.6×104a。文章提出的I0定值计算方法具有科学依据,可操作性强,为揭示海洋沉积地层相关关系和沉积年龄精确测定提供技术支撑。     

Cosmogenic isotope (Cl) surface exposure dating of the Norber erratics, Yorkshire Dales: Further constraints on the timing of the LGM deglaciation in Britain

Cosmogenic isotope (³⁶Cl) surface exposure dating of four of the erratic boulders at Norber in the Yorkshire Dales National Park, northwest England, yielded mean ages of ∼22.2 ± 2.0 ka BP and ∼18.0 ± 1.6 ka BP for their emplacement. These two mean values derive from different ³⁶Cl production rates used for exposure age calculation. The ages are uncorrected for temporal variations in production rates and may underestimate the true ages by 5-7%. The former age, although implying early deglaciation for this area of the British ice sheet, is not incompatible with minimum deglaciation ages from other contexts and locations in northwest England. However, the latter age is more consistent with the same minimum deglaciation ages and geochronological evidence for ice-free conditions in parts of the northern sector of the Irish Sea. Within uncertainties, the younger of the mean ages from Norber may indicate that boulder emplacement was associated with North Atlantic Heinrich event 1. The limited spatial (downvalley) extent of the Norber boulders implies that at the time of their deposition the ice margin was coincident with the distal margin of the erratic train. Loss of ice cover at Norber was followed by persistent stadial conditions until the abrupt opening of the Lateglacial Interstadial when large carnivorous mammals colonised the area. The ³⁶Cl ages are between ∼3.0 ka and ∼13.0 ka older than previous estimates based on rates of limestone dissolution derived from the heights of pedestals beneath the erratics.     

Pinnacle软件中对流层延迟改正模型的选择

Pinnacle软件中提供了5种对流层延迟改正模型,对各模型进行分析后,通过试验数据,比较了不同方法的计算结果。与ME5000测距仪测量结果和高等级点位已知坐标比较后,采用Pinnacle软件处理平坦地区C级GPS网数据,给出了选择对流层延迟改正方法的几点建议。     

虚拟参考站对流层延迟算法

在VRS定位中,对影响虚拟站精度的对流层延迟仅是采取简单的基于参考站对流层延迟的几何距离内插模型,虽然此模型较简单,但是精度较差,不利于提高定位精度。因此,本文提出了一种考虑气象元素、纬度和高程对对流层的影响,结合数值气象学内插气象元素的方法,利用经典的对流层HOPFIELD模型以及MTT映射函数,估算出测站点的对流层延迟,通过数值分析,证明了此方法的可行性;特别是在低高度角的情况下,与传统方法相比,在精度及稳定性上有一定的提高。     

Air-sea interactions associated with tropospheric biennial oscillation in South China Sea summer monsoon and their effects on El Niño-Southern Oscillation

The South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) behaves with prominent climate variability from the intraseasonal to interdecadal time scales. On the interannual time scale, the biennial variability (so-called tropospheric biennial oscillation, TBO) is as important as the El Ni o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) period. Some observed data sets, including reanalysis data, are used to explore the associated air-sea interactive physical processes and how the SCSSM TBO affects the ENSO. The results show that the shearing vorticity induced by the north Indian Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) and the anomalous Philippine Sea anticyclone both contribute to the TBO in the SCSSM. The results also indicate that the ENSO has a weak effect on the SCSSM TBO, whereas the latter affects the ENSO to some extent.