ENSO发展和衰减阶段的陕西夏季降水异常特征

利用1961—2008年陕西78个气象站夏季 (6—8月) 降水资料、NCEP/NCAR位势高度场和风场月平均再分析资料,采用合成及相关分析方法探讨ENSO发展和衰减阶段对陕西夏季降水异常的影响,以期为陕西夏季降水的气候预测提供线索和依据。结果表明:陕西夏季降水异常对ENSO发展和衰减阶段的响应存在显著差异,El Ni?o发展阶段和La Ni?a衰减阶段,陕西夏季降水偏少; El Ni?o衰减阶段和La Ni?a发展阶段,陕西夏季降水偏多; ENSO不同阶段对陕西7月降水影响最为显著。比较而言,El Ni?o事件对陕西夏季降水的影响更加显著。在El Ni?o衰减、La Ni?a发展阶段,西太平洋副热带高压偏强、偏西,东亚夏季风偏弱,而在El Ni?o发展、La Ni?a衰减阶段,西太平洋副热带高压偏弱、偏东,东亚夏季风偏强,El Ni?o过程对东亚夏季风强弱的影响更加显著。ENSO发展和衰减阶段通过影响大气环流变化和东亚夏季风的强弱,进而影响陕西夏季降水。     

热带太平洋海气系统内部联系的年代际变化

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和全球海温海冰GISST2.3b资料以及英国CRU提供的南方涛动指数，分析了热带太平洋区域海气系统内部联系的年代际变化特征。结果表明：热带太平洋地区海气年际变化间的相关关系具有显著的年代际变迁；最近50a中，西太平洋地区海温变化与南方涛动的联系存在更为明显的年代际变化，且在IWP与ISO相关关系微弱时，在西太平洋赤道北侧对流层低层，西太平洋海温较暖（冷）时存在反气旋（气旋）环流。这样的高海温-反气旋系统与ENSO时期典型的低海温-反气旋的系统相反，其动力学作用将不利于维持ENSO与西太平洋海温变化间的密切联系。     

南海夏季风爆发前后亚洲地区的大尺度环流突变

用１９８０—１９８６年的ＥＣＭＷＦ资料分析了南海季风爆发前后大气环流突变的平均特征。结果表明：南海季风的爆发一般发生在５月１０日前后，大气环流出现一次明显突变──高空南亚高压由１０—１５°Ｎ骤然北跳到１５—２０°Ｎ，南海北部西风转为东风；低空南海北部及附近地区西南风迅速加强并向东扩展，而中纬地区的偏北风也相应加强南压，青藏高原东南部到中国长江中下游一带为温度、湿度梯度大值区；中国西南地区出现低压环流。同时，青藏高原东南部及中国东部平原地区对流层大气发生急速增暖，大气热源和水汽汇明显增强。在南海季风爆发后南海北部大气热源亦显著增强，但比风场的突变落后５—１０天，而西沙海温的变化与季风爆发却比较一致。另外，地形对大气热源的分布有一定的影响，青藏高原东南坡的加热对南海季风的爆发可能比较重要。     

近50年中国冬季大地冷涡与春夏季干旱相关的统计

通过对冬季大地冷涡与春夏季干旱的相关分析,发现:除高原主体外,冬季的大地冷涡对应着春夏季为干旱少雨区;而且大地冷涡东面的地冷涡绝大多数也是春夏季的干旱少雨区。冬季大地冷涡在中国的出现频率为80%,可作为短期气候预测的重要因子。     

Relationship Between the Number of Summer Typhoons Engendered over the Northwest Pacific and South China Sea and Main Climatic Conditions in the Preceding Winter and Spring

Based on the monthly NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, OLR (outgoing longwave radiation) data, and tropical cyclone data from the Typhoon Annual and Tropical Cyclone Annual edited by China Meteorological Administration, the relationship between the number of tropical cyclones (with the strongest wind ≥17 m s-1, including tropical storm, strong tropical storm, and typhoon, simply called typhoon in this paper)engendered over the Northwest Pacific and South China Sea in summer and the associated climate conditions is studied. First, the characteristics and di?erences of the climatic conditions between the years with more typhoons and those with fewer typhoons are compared. The results show that the summer typhoon has a close relationship with SST (sea surface temperature) and ITCZ (intertropical convergence zone) anomalies in the preceding winter and spring. With a La Niena like SST anomaly (SSTA) pattern in the preceding winter and spring, the ITCZ will move northwestward and be enhanced around 160°E in the equatorial central Pacific from the preceding winter to spring.The activity of the Pacific ITCZ is in general stronger and its location is more northward than usual, especially in the typhoon genesis region in West Pacific. This background is propitious to have more typhoons in summer. On the other hand, an El Nieno like SSTA pattern in the preceding winter will be companied with weaker ITCZ activities, and its location is more southward over the equatorial western Pacific from the preceding winter to spring; this background is propitious to have fewer typhoons in summer. In the year with more typhoons, the warm SST over West Pacific in the preceding winter provides a favorable condition for typhoon fromation in the following summer. It enhances the convergence in the troposphere and increases the water vapor supply to the warm SST region. In the following spring, the perturbation of the tropical ITCZ plays a more important role.When the ITCZ moves northward in spring, anomalous convergence will appear over the warm SST region and inspire the positive feedback between the large-scale moisture flux at low levels and the latent heat release in the atmosphere, which benefits the typhoon genesis in summer. Otherwise, if cold SST maintains over the northwestern Pacific during the preceding winter and spring, the convergence in the troposphere is disfavored and the water vapor supply to the cold SST region is reduced, which will bring about weaker ITCZ activities and the perturbation is lacking in the following spring. It then results in fewer summer typhoons.     

热带气旋对黄、渤海影响的统计特征分析

本文统计分析了1949—2000年共52年影响黄、渤海的热带气旋时空分布特点及ENS0、西太平洋副热带高压与影响黄、渤海的热带气旋关系。结果表明，西太平洋热带气放以四种主要路径影响黄、渤海，其影响时间、频数及强度均有不同。ENSO和西太平洋副热带高压的强度、位置将影响热带气旋对黄、渤海影响的路径和频数。     

澳大利亚冷空气活动对西北太平洋热带气旋生成的影响

利用1980—2012年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及中国气象局的最佳台风路径资料,研究澳大利亚冷空气活动对西北太平洋热带气旋生成的影响。研究发现,北半球夏季925 h Pa经向风超过6 m/s的频数在澳大利亚东北部海域最高,达40 d/a。为此,确定澳大利亚冷空气侵入南北半球低纬的关键区为澳大利亚东北部所罗门海地区,并用该区域经向风风速定义了一个澳大利亚冷空气活动强度指数。该指数与越赤道气流及赤道西风都有很好的相关关系,还与同期的SOI(Southern Oscillation Index,南方涛动指数)显著相关。当SOI偏低(高)时,关键区经向风风速偏强(弱)。合成分析和相关分析结果表明,澳大利亚冷空气活动强、弱年西北太平洋热带气旋生成的位置的变化与季风槽的变化一致,西北太平洋热带气旋生成总数则无显著差异。澳大利亚冷空气活动强年季风槽偏强偏东,热带气旋生成位置偏东偏南;而弱年季风槽偏弱偏西,热带气旋生成位置偏西偏北。低层涡度场、水汽输送、风垂直切变以及低纬地区对流活动的分布表明,澳大利亚冷空气活动强年有利于热带气旋生成位置偏东、偏南;弱年偏西、偏北。     

2004年春季两次增温过程及降水的对比分析

利用常规的天气图、卫星云图和物理量诊断对2004年春季两次持续性增温过程及降水天气进行诊断分析,结果表明:两次增温过程的降水强度、范围和落区等差异显著。前者造成了陕西历史上最早的暴雨过程,并有冰雹相伴;后者则为一般性降水。在春季降水过程中,当南海和菲律宾附近有热带低压云系存在时,对陕西的强降水有增幅作用;来自孟加拉湾700 hPa的偏西南急流和来自南海850 hPa的偏东南急流直伸到陕西的位置决定强降水的落区。700 hPa正涡度中心与垂直运动的上升区配合很好,涡度随着暴雨的临近明显增大,正涡度的增长,有利于对流的发展。     

REASONS FOR THE LATE ONSET AND ANOMALOUS SOUTHWARD PERSISTENCE OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON IN 2005

Features of atmospheric circulation and thermal structures are discussed using the NCAR/NCEP data to reveal the reasons for the late onset and anomalous southward persistence of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon (SCSSM) in 2005. The results show that three factors are crucial. First, a strong Arabian High overlaps with a high-latitude blocking high and channels strong cold air to southern Asia. Second, the Tibetan Plateau has a bigger snow cover than usual in spring and the melting of snow cools down the surface. Third, the Somali Jet breaks out at a much later date, being not conducive to convection over Indochina. The former two factors restrict atmospheric sensible heating over the Tibetan Plateau and nearby regions while the third one limits latent heating over Indochina. All of the factors slow down atmospheric warming and postpone the onset of SCSSM. Long after the onset of SCSSM, strong cold air over India advances the Southwest Monsoon northward slowly, resulting in weaker convection and latent heating over the Tibetan Plateau and nearby areas. The negative feedback conversely inhibits further northward movement of Southwest Monsoon.     

TROPICAL ATMOSPHERIC NONLINEAR STEADY RESPONSE SOLUTION UNDER EFFECTS OF PAIRED HEAT SOURCES OF CONTRASTING NATURE*

Based on steady semi-geostrophic model equations,analysis is carried out of the linear and nonlinear modification/response of the tropical atmosphere to the forcing of ideal paired heat sources of contrasting nature.Resuits show that the linear part is dominant in the steady response but the nonlinear modification is quite noticable in the neighborhood of the heat source and between the paired sources,and the barotropic mode and second baroclinic mode play a different role in the modification,with the barotropic(second baroclinic)mode modification depending largely on the Rossby wave self-interaction(the magnitude due to the Kelvin-Rossby wave interaction)between the paired sources.