一次冷锋过境后的海风三维结构数值模拟

为研究大尺度系统风对海风的影响以及海风三维结构特征,利用山东省123个地面自动站资料、青岛地区三十多个内陆及沿海、海岛观测站以及奥帆赛场3个浮标站资料,对2006年8月21日青岛一次海风个例进行了分析,并利用美国俄克拉荷马大学风暴分析预测中心开发的ARPS(the Advanced Regional Prediction System)模式,对海风过程进行了数值模拟研究。结果发现:在较强的离岸风背景下,当内陆气温高于海面气温2℃左右时,海风也可以发生。海风首先在海岸线附近的海上开始,发展的同时向内陆及远海地区推进。海风低层环流很浅,主要位于500 m以下。在较强的偏北离岸风下,海风向内陆推进的距离很短。偏北的大尺度系统风由于渤海冷下垫面的影响,不利于青岛海风的维持。海风开始时,在1500～2500 m高度处同时有反环流出现,但直到傍晚前后,海风的垂直环流圈才发展得比较清晰,其高度也更接近地面。海风消亡后,高层的垂直环流圈及反环流维持3 h左右才逐渐消亡。     

影响中国降水的热带气旋的气候特征分析

分析影响中国降水的热带气旋的气候特征表明,1951—2005年影响热带气旋的频数呈减少趋势,近10年其频数最小;近55年来影响热带气旋中超强台风的频数显著减少;5—11月是热带气旋影响中国的主要时期,7—9月为活跃期。影响热带气旋的源地主要有3个,源地存在明显的年代际和季节变化。影响热带气旋的路径随季节变化有明显的南北移动。影响热带气旋的影响期约为5.6个月,近55年其影响期呈缩短趋势,夏秋季的影响天数较长,冬春季较短。影响热带气旋频次的空间分布呈带状分布,由东南向西北递减,中国台湾省受热带气旋影响最频繁。影响热带气旋的年平均降水量自东南沿海向西北方向逐渐减少。     

广东热带气旋降水年代际变化特征的分析

采用1951—2005年热带气旋和广东省26个测站降水的观测资料,分析了广东热带气旋及其降水的年代际变化特征。结果表明:广东热带气旋降水存在峰值为25年左右的振荡周期,影响广东的热带气旋个数和西北太平洋上热带气旋的形成个数都存在峰值为23年左右的振荡周期;广东热带气旋降水的年代际变化与影响广东的热带气旋个数和西北太平洋上热带气旋的形成个数存在高度正相关;广东热带气旋降水的年代际变化与西太平洋部分区域的年平均SST的年代际变化和北太平洋中高纬部分地区的年平均500 hPa位势高度的年代际变化存在显著的负相关;广东热带气旋降水偏少时期与降水偏多时期相比,一般赤道中、东太平洋的平均SST相对较高,而北太平洋中纬度地区的平均SST相对较低,北太平洋上的东亚大槽相对较强。     

Sensitivity of the Simulated Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation to Cumulus Parameterizations

The sensitivity of the simulated tropical intraseasonal oscillation or MJO (Madden and Julian oscilla tion)to different cumulus parameterizations is studied by using an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM)-SAMIL(Spectral Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG).Results show that performance of the model in simulating the MJO alters widely when using two different cumulus parameterization schemes-the moist convective adjustment scheme(MCA)and the Zhang-McFarlane(ZM)scheme.MJO simulated by the MCA scheme was found to be more realistic than that simulated by the ZM scheme.MJO produced by the ZM scheme is too weak and shows little propagation characteristics.Weak moisture convergence at low levels simulated by the ZM scheme is not enough to maintain the structure and the eastward propagation of the oscillation.These two cumulus schemes produced different vertical structures of the heating profile.The heating profile produced by the ZM scheme is nearly uniform with height and the heating is too weak compared to that produced by the MCA,which maybe contributes greatly to the failure of simulating a reasonable MJO.Comparing the simulated MJO by these two schemes indicate that the MJO simulated by the GCM is highly sensitive to cumulus parameterizations implanted in.The diabatic heating profile plays an important role in the performance of the GCM.Three sensitivity experiments with different heating profiles are designed in which modified heating profiles peak respectively in the upper troposphere(UH), middle troposphere(MH),and lower troposphere(LH).Both the LH run and the MH run produce eastward propagating signals on the intraseasonal timescale,while it is interesting that the intraseasonal timescale signals produced by the UH run propagate westward.It indicates that a realistic intraseasonal oscillation is more prone to be excited when the maximum heating concentrates in the middle-low levels,especially in the middle levels,while westward propagating disturbances axe more prone to be produced when the maximum heating appears very high.     

地形对登陆台风麦莎(2005)影响的数值模拟研究

利用非静力平衡的中尺度模式MM5(V3)对2005年9号台风Matsa("麦莎")登陆后期的过程进行了48h模拟,应用低通滤波器分离模拟结果中的天气尺度和次天气尺度运动,并采用热带气旋动态坐标跟踪考察登陆过程中热带气旋的次天气尺度环流特征.通过研究地形对两种尺度间动能和涡度转换的影响,进一步证明了地形对热带气旋有着不可忽视的影响.结果表明,地形的存在有利于维持热带涡旋性强度,这种影响随气旋中心与地形间距离的缩小而逐渐增强,且强度的增强在对流层中高层表现得更为明显.去掉地形后对流层低层次天气尺度系统向热带气旋输送的动能减少,次天气尺度系统对热带气旋动能的消耗增大;当低层涡度转换项的垂直运动贡献为负时,去掉地形会加剧这种负贡献,即次天气尺度系统从热带气旋得到更多的正涡度;从整体上看,去掉地形后,热带气旋不仅没有从次天气尺度系统获得正涡度,反而将自身的正涡度向外输送.     

DIFFERENCES AMONG DIFFERENT DATABASES IN THE NUMBER OF TROPICAL CYCLONES FORMING OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC

As shown in comparisons of the characteristics of inter-annual and inter-decadal variability and periodical changes in the number of tropical cyclones forming over the western North Pacific by three major forecast centers, i.e. China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Regional Specialized Meteorological Center of Tokyo (JMA) and Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) of Guam, there are the following important points. (1) Climatology of tropical cyclone (TC) or typhoon (TC on the intensity of TS or stronger) shows some difference in tropical cyclone frequency among the centers, which is more notable with TC than with typhoon. Both of them are more at the database of CMA than at those of the other two centers. (2) The difference is too significant to ignore in the inter-annual variability of tropical cyclone frequency between CMA and JTWC, which mainly results from the obvious difference in the inter-annual variability of the number of generated tropical depression (TD) between the two databases. The difference is small in the inter-annual variability of TS formations among all the three databases, and consistence is good between JMA and CMA or JTWC. (3) Though differences are not significant in the periodical variation of TC formations between CMA and JTWC, they are markedly apart in the inter-decadal variability, which is mainly shown by an anti-phase during the 1990s. (4) Non-homogeneity may exist around the late stage of the 1960s in the data of tropical cyclone frequency.     

粒子群算法与支持向量机相结合的热带气旋强度预报试验

支持向量机(SVM)的惩罚参数及核参数的选择直接影响到模型效果,通过粒子群算法(PSO)解决支持向量机的参数选择问题,实现了参数选择的自动化。将该方法应用于热带气旋强度预报,利用气候持续性因子,挑选了1990年的100个左右样本进行预报检验,预报时效为12 h、24 h、36 h、48 h的强度平均绝对误差分别为3.00、4.35、4.93和6.68 m/s。另外,还与国外预报结果及采用最小二乘回归法的预报结果进行了效果的比较,SVM方法显示了更好的预报能力。     

郑州市两次不同背景下特大暴雨诊断分析

利用NCEP资料,根据降水实况分布及各物理量分层平面分布,每隔6 h对特大暴雨中心区所在经、纬向带各物理量场作经、纬向垂直剖面图,结合高空观测图对郑州市两次特大暴雨发生的大环流形势场、触发特大暴雨发生的各物理量场进行诊断分析。结果表明:1)连续性特大暴雨区出现在低空急流轴的前方,一方面是由于低空急流前方水平辐合较强,另一方面低空急流对暖湿空气的输送,使大气不稳定度加强;局地短时性特大暴雨过程主要是冷空气侵入使冷暖湿空气团在郑州上空交汇,其对流不稳定能量释放所致。2)辐合线对暖湿空气的抬升运动起到动力加强作用,是触发中尺度雨团的根源,也是特大暴雨产生的根源。3)连续性暴雨发生、发展时,高空的反气旋起主导作用;局地短时性暴雨发生时,中低空的气旋辐合起主导作用。4)短时性特大暴雨天气,前期有较强的不稳定层结;连续性暴雨天气刚发生时,其前期存在较强的不稳定层结,在暴雨连续发生过程中不一定有强不稳定层结。5)连续性暴雨需要较强的水汽输送带,局地短时性暴雨不要求有明显的水汽输送。     

河南省黄淮气旋暴雨的天气特征及个例诊断

通过对1990-2001年6-8月影响河南省的18个黄淮气旋暴雨个例进行统计得知:影响河南省的黄淮气旋暴雨6月最多,7月次之,8月最少。黄淮气旋暴雨产生有两个源地,一个在河南省三花间略偏南一带,另一个在河南省南部和湖北的交界处,气旋的形成与两地向东开口的喇叭口地形有关。黄淮气旋暴雨发生前24-12 h,地面图上影响系统可分为西路冷空气影响型和倒槽顶部发展型两种;高空图上,河南多受高压脊控制,700 hPa影响系统有"人"字型切变和低槽型两种,但与地面影响系统没有直接对应关系。为了进一步揭示黄淮气旋暴雨的发生机理,利用NCEP再分析资料,对2007年7月12-15日黄淮气旋引发的暴雨天气过程进行了诊断分析,结果表明:黄淮气旋暴雨的发生、发展是大气斜压性强烈发展的结果,500 hPa高空急流和700 hPa低涡的移动方向对地面气旋的移动有引导作用。     

Further Study of Typhoon Tracks and the Low-Frequency(30-60 Days)Wind-Field Pattern at 850 hPa

The association of typhoon tracks over the western Pacific with the low-frequency wind-field pattern of atmospheric intraseasonal (30-60 days) oscillation at 850 hPa is further studied by using observational data analyses. Comparative analyses of the composite wind fields at 850 hPa, contrasting the atmospheric intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) with the original circulation, show that the typhoon tracks are closely related to the wind pattern of the ISO but are not obviously related to the original wind fields. Case studies of two typhoons in 2006 also show that the low-frequency wind-field pattern, particularly the maximum-value line (belt) of low-frequency cyclonic vorticity at 850 hPa, is closely related to the typhoon track. Therefore, the low-frequency circulation pattern and the maximum-value line (belt) of low-frequency cyclonic vorticity at 850hPa can be used to predict typhoon tracks over the northwestern Pacific.