城市化对北京地区日照时数和云量变化趋势的影响

利用1961～2008年北京城区和郊区12个台站的气候观测资料,采用趋势分析和累积距平的方法,研究了北京城区和郊区近48年的日照时数、总云量及低云量的年际和四季变化趋势,并探讨了城市化进程对日照和云量变化的影响。结果表明：近48年来,城区的总云量和日照时数呈减少趋势,但低云量呈增加趋势;郊区的总云量和低云量呈增加趋势,而日照时数呈减少趋势;具体到年代变化,1980年代初以后,城区总云量呈减少趋势,且1990年代减少的趋势最为明显,2000年后,城区总云量变化发生逆转,呈显著增加趋势。对于低云量,1960年代到1980年代,城区郊区低云量呈波动减少趋势,而1990年代到2000年代后呈波动增加趋势。对于日照时数,1960年代到1980年代城区郊区日照时数均呈增加趋势,1990年代至2000年代则呈明显减少的趋势。低云量与日照时数表现出明显负相关特征,这与北京城市化发展对区域气候的影响有密切的关系。     

地震海洋学研究进展

传统船舶调查获取海洋水体温盐资料的方法在水平方向上分辨率较低,而用反射地震探测海洋水体特性的方法--地震海洋学,能有效提高海水温盐资料在水平方向上的分辨率.概述了近5年来地震海洋学的发展过程,重点介绍了地震海洋学方法在海洋锋面观测、水团边界划分、海洋内波分析、中尺度涡旋等方面的研究成果,以及AVO、全波形反演等反射地震处理方法在海洋水体特性研究中的应用.比较了地震海洋学方法与声层析技术、高频声技术等声学方法应用于海洋水体特性研究的异同.并展望了下一步研究工作的重点:①有关地震反射剖面的各种参数与海洋水体温盐结构物理模型的联系及其定量分析;②以研究海洋水体特性为目标的地震反射剖面的处理方法;③海洋地震调查历史数据的应用.     

碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土柱的剪力-位移关系及其破坏位移增大系数分析

编制了碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土柱的剪力-位移关系全过程分析程序,通过对多种工况下碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土柱的剪力-位移关系进行大量计算分析,较全面地探讨了碳纤维布配箍特征值、轴压比、剪跨比、箍筋配箍特征值、纵筋配筋率、混凝土强度等参数对碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土柱的剪力-位移关系及其破坏位移增大系数的影响。在此基础上,给出了碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土柱破坏位移增大系数的回归计算公式,统计建立了碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土柱的剪力-位移关系三折线模型中各无量纲特征参数的确定方法。     

Vulnerability Assessment at Village Level Due to Tides,Surges and Wave Setup

An assessment of cyclone risk and vulnerability at the village level has evolved, which is an important component of the information system for local level development action plans for preparedness and mitigation. Here, a case study for the Nellore district along the east coast of India is considered. Using maximum probable surges along the coast, total water level (TWL) due to the combined effect of surge, tide, and wind wave is computed for the most vulnerable coastal villages of the Nellore district due to any tropical cyclones. The computations suggest that the TWL along the Nellore coast varies from 2 m in the south to 4 m in the north.     

Influence of Seawater on the Suction and Swelling Behavior of Clayey Soils

The present study examines the suction characteristics and swelling behavior of clayey soils when exposed to natural seawater with respect to distilled water. The effects of saline waters on the engineering behavior of soils need to be determined since the salinity of the pore fluid of soils near coastal areas increases continuously. Six clayey soil samples with different mineralogy and characteristics were gathered and tested to determine the suction and swelling characteristics in the presence of natural seawater and distilled water. The results show that the total suction values of the samples are higher in the presence of seawater than in distilled water. The samples with high swelling potential have lower matric suction values than nonswelling soils. Moreover, in contrast to swelling-type soils, the matric suction values of the nonswelling soils remain similar in the presence both distilled water and seawater. The modified free swell index (MFSI) of the samples is well correlated with the liquid limit (LL), plasticity index (PI), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) in distilled water. However, coefficients of determination decreased in the presence of seawater. Also, there is no significant correlation existing between total and matric suction values and the MFSI values of the samples.     

Behavior of Weak Soils Reinforced with End-Bearing Soil-Cement Columns Formed by the Deep Mixing Method

This article reports on a series of small-scale, plane strain, 1 g physical model tests designed to investigate the bearing capacity and failure mechanics of end-bearing soil-cement columns formed via Deep Mixing (DM). Pre-formed soil-cement columns, 24 mm in diameter and 200 mm in length, were installed in a soft clay bed using a replacement method; the columns represented improvement area ratios, a_p, of 17%, 26%, and 35% beneath a rigid foundation of width 100 mm. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was implemented in conjunction with close-range photogrammetry in order to track soil displacement during loading, from which the failure mechanisms were derived. Bearing capacity performance was verified using Ultimate Limit State numerical analysis, with the results comparing favorably to the analytical static and kinematic solutions proposed by previous researchers. A new equation for bearing capacity was derived from this numerical analysis based on the improvement area ratio and cohesion ratio of the soil column and ground model.     

福建深沪湾不同环境样品中总汞和甲基汞含量的分布

测定了福建省泉州深沪湾海水、沉积物和生物体中的总汞含量,测定了沉积物、生物体中的甲基汞含量.海水总汞含量范围是1.16 ～7.29 ng/dm3,平均值为3.32 ng/dm3.沉积物中总汞含量为0.006～0.066 μg/g,甲基汞占总汞的比例为4.7％ ～38.6％,该比例与总汞含量呈负相关关系(r=-0.840,p＜0.05),这可能是因为总汞含量的升高使甲基汞合成反应受到抑制,导致反应速率降低甚至为负,即甲基汞的分解.生物体中总汞含量为0.037 ～0.353 μg/g(干重),甲基汞含量为1.01 ～42.50 ng/g(干重),甲基汞占总汞的比例为1.5％ ～40.4％.甲基汞含量与总汞含量显著相关(r =0.484,p＜0.10);总汞含量与甲基汞占总汞比例略有相关(r=-0.293,p＜0.10);甲基汞含量与其占总汞比例无相关性(r=0.061,p＞0.05).可以推测,生物体中的总汞和甲基汞都是外源性的,不同生物体甲基汞占总汞的比例变化很大.对深沪湾居民进行海产品摄入量评估,以美国EPA规定的甲基汞参考计量0.1 μg/(kg·d)为标准,计算得深沪湾周边居民每周食用3次(600g)湾内的海产品是安全的,不会产生汞中毒.未来还需要测定海水中甲基汞的含量,用以计算生物富集因子,表征不同生物对甲基汞的富集程度;通过测定鱼体中的δ13C、δ15N比值来确定不同鱼类的营养级,进而研究甲基汞的生物累积效应与营养级的关系.     

Nitrogen utilisation by size‐fractionated phytoplankton assemblages associated with an upwelling event off Westland,New Zealand

Abstract

Uptake rates of ammonium (NH₄ ⁺ ), nitrate (NO₃ ^? ), and urea by three subgroups of phytoplankton (< 200, < 20, < 2 μm) off Westland, were measured using ¹⁵ N tracer techniques in midwinter 1988, after a recent upwelling. For all size fractions at surface irradiance (I₁₀₀), nitrogen (N) was taken up primarily as NO₃ ^?. This accounted for 67–85% of total N uptake (SρN), whereas at 40 and 7% of surface irradiance, the regenerated N (NH₄ ⁺ ) and urea) made up 31–72% of SρN. Depth profile experiments for all three size components showed that uptake of NO₃ ^? was most light‐sensitive, followed by that of NH₄ ⁺ and urea. The irradiance and nutrient availability plot indicated that light was substantially more important than the nutrient concentrations in controlling the assimilation of N by microplankton (20–200 μm). Nano‐ (2–20 μm) and picoplankton (< 2 μm) however, were not as sensitive to either light or nutrient concentrations. High winds and the resulting deep mixing, combined with offshore and alongshore advection in the midwinter, were suggested to be the major cause of the low biomass and N productivity.     

低幅值小应变振动下土体弹性刚度的非线性特征与表述方法

随着高速铁路建设的兴起,轨道以及沿线附近建筑物承受低幅值小应变振动荷载的作用。对于小应变振动下土体的有限元计算,如何确定连接应力和应变之间纽带的刚度张量E,对于建立合理的预测模型来分析高速铁路轨道以及沿线建筑物的沉降变形至关重要。低幅值小应变振动下剪切模量G和阻尼比D随剪应变幅值的变化是反映土体刚度及阻尼特征最重要的两个参数。通过共振柱试验发现,振动荷载作用下土体的剪切模量G必须通过振动应变幅值和固结围压共同来确定,即使在小应变（剪应变幅值10-6相似文献   

煤层气损失气量计算的全脱分析法

针对目前煤层气损失气量无法计算煤层的溶解气和游离气含量问题,根据烃类气体进入钻井液的方式和分布状态理论,基于气测录井资料,提出了计算煤层气损失气量的新方法——全脱分析法。通过沁水盆地枣园区块3号煤层的实际应用,发现该方法计算的损失气量明显高于常规煤心样品的回归结果,前者一般为后者的1.5~4.5倍。该方法不仅能有效地解决煤层气损失气量计算中忽视的溶解气和游离气问题,而且还能消除损失时间的影响,同时也可以按不同部位计算煤层气损失气量。该方法适用于不同煤级、各种结构的煤岩,数据易采集,计算过程简单,有很好的应用前景。