ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF THE GENESIS OF TORNADO IN THE ZHUJIANG RIVER DELTA IN SPRING

Using observational data and the data of disastrous investigation of tornado in Zhujiang River Delta and Guangzhou's sounding from March to May of 1976-1983, the environmental conditions of genesis of tornado are analysed and compared with those of nontornadic local storm.It is found that the favorable conditions of genesis of tornado are lower pressure, unstable stratification and stronger wind in the deep layer of troposphere and higher temperature and humidity in low level, among which, lower pressure, more unstable stratification and layer wind are primary conditions for a severe local storm to possibly develop into a storm with accompanying tornado.The tornado mechanism is not related to vertical wind shear.     

龙卷风的风强分析与极值推断

本文采用1955－1997年影响盐城市的龙卷风资料,按富士达F等级定义龙卷风风强分类级别,对盐城市受袭击点的破坏程度进行风强分级,并分析各个时段龙卷风风强等级的频数。应用耿贝尔极值分布理论,对影响盐城市的龙卷风风速极值进行统计推断,获得1％风险度龙卷风风速极值,以及各种特定重视期间的极值。     

Ethnic and Racial Differences in Tornado Hazard Perception,Preparedness, and Shelter Lead Time in Tuscaloosa

The 27 April 2011 EF4 Tuscaloosa tornado directly impacted more than 50,000 residents, causing forty-five fatalities within the city and sixty-five in total. It was a rare urban tornado with varying impacts on the three major ethnic and racial groups within the city. A hybrid survey and interview of open-ended and closed questions was conducted with 211 Tuscaloosa area residents in a two-week period after the tornado. Results indicate significant differences in risk perception, preparedness, and shelter lead time among the three ethnic and racial groups. Furthermore, results were still significant for perception after controlling for the effects of age, education, and experience.     

THE ROLE OF VEGETATION DYNAMICS IN CHOCTAWHATCHEE SAND PINE INVASION OF LONGLEAF PINE FORESTS

The expansion of Choctawhatchee sand pine (Pinus clausa) into longleaf pine forests (Pinus palustris) has been widespread on the Florida Panhandle since the early 1900s. This study examines the population-level processes of this sand pine invasion. Expansion of sand pine started by 1920, but rapidly increased in the 1940s. Population establishment and growth in invasive stands has been rapid, with establishment of many sand pine pioneer individuals followed by rapid infilling as these individuals reached reproductive maturity. Both noninvasive and invasive stands had numerous sand pine seedlings and saplings. Sand pine will likely persist in these communities in the near future. Analyses of hemispherical canopy photographs and regeneration patterns illustrate the ability of sand pine to establish under a variety of light conditions. Radial growth analysis of incremental tree cores highlights the importance of episodic wind disturbances in maintaining these sand pine populations. [Key words: sand pine, longleaf pine, Pinus clausa, Florida, pine invasion, Pinus palustris.]     

一次山区龙卷的双部雷达回波监测分析

利用秦皇岛S波段和承德C波段天气雷达资料、NCEP 1°×1°6h再分析资料、中尺度物理量及灾情报告,对2009年7月20日河北承德平泉县一次龙卷天气过程进行了综合分析。结果表明,龙卷发生在西高东低的山谷中,冷空气南压,高空西南急流动量下传,使得低层中尺度水平风场-V分量沿山谷西部增大,产生不对称小尺度山谷风次级环流,...     

相控阵天气雷达监测预警龙卷风的过程剖析

天气雷达作为龙卷风监测预警的重要手段之一,应用具有超高时空分辨率的X波段双极化相控阵天气雷达系统,较好地捕获并提前预警龙卷风。以2022年6月19日07时发生在广东佛山南海的一次龙卷风为例,详细剖析龙卷生消及雷达监测预警过程。借助雷达智能预警软件,利用X波段双极化相控阵天气雷达的双偏振量和超高时空分辨率数据,实时反演三维风场和分析龙卷碎片(TVS)特征,能够显著提高龙卷风监测预警水平。实例表明,本次成功地提前18分钟预警龙卷,进一步说明了X波段双极化相控阵天气雷达在强对流天气探测方面具有较强的生命力。     

上海一次龙卷风过程分析

在分析环流背景的基础上结合风廓线仪探测资料对“990 90 6”龙卷风作了较为详细的物理剖析。分析发现 ,途经上海市的 990 9号热带风暴的残留涡旋由于西风槽的切入 ,动量迅速增大 ,形成中尺度强对流辐合云团 ,其中生成了 4个龙卷风暴。龙卷风暴在成熟阶段其环境气团的低空暖气柱逆温结构十分明显 ,垂直测风突然逆转了 36 0°。沙氏指数 SI小于 - 6℃ ,气层极不稳定。     

山东高唐EF3级龙卷S波段双偏振雷达探测特征

利用济南CINRAD/SA-D双偏振天气雷达的探测数据,结合龙卷实地调查资料,对2021年7月11日发生在山东聊城高唐的一次EF3级龙卷风暴的雷达回波演变过程、龙卷风暴单体的结构及龙卷风暴的中气旋(M)、龙卷涡旋特征(TVS)和龙卷碎片特征(TDS)进行分析。结果表明:(1)龙卷发生在高空冷涡及地面气旋共同作用天气形势下,龙卷位于地面气旋中心东偏北方向约200 km处;螺旋状对流云带中2个较强对流单体合并发展,演变成超级单体风暴,其后部下沉气流较强,与强的入流共同作用,诱发了强龙卷。(2)风暴中中气旋的顶高大多在5~7 km之间;龙卷发生前中气旋最大切变平均值为19×10^(-3)s^(-1),龙卷维持期间,中气旋最大切变平均值达到51×10^(-3)s^(-1)。(3)高唐龙卷涡旋底层双偏振参量主要特征是大的水平极化反射率因子,小的甚至负的差分反射率ZDR,小的相关系数CC;TDS时间及空间特征是,底层CC都小于0.7,CC低值区的面积在龙卷生成后随时间明显增大,CC值底层最小,随高度逐渐增大;CC低值区的面积低层和顶层较大,中间层较小;龙卷生成后TDS最大高度随时间逐渐增高,龙卷最强时TDS最高达到4.8 km,之后逐渐降低;龙卷消散后,1.5°以上TDS的特征很快消失,0.5°仰角TDS特征继续维持了大约11 min。     

GPM卫星和地面雷达对江苏盐城龙卷风强降水估测的对比

为综合评估卫星和天气雷达在2016年6月23日盐城龙卷风期间的强降水过程的降水估测精度,以国家级雨量站观测数据为基准,结合相关系数(CC)、相对误差(RB)、均方根误差(RMSE)以及分级评分指标,利用S波段的天气雷达定量降雨估测产品(RQPE)和全球降水观测计划多卫星融合产品(IMERG_FRCal,IMERG_FRUncal,IMERG_ERCal)进行比较。结果表明,雷达和卫星的累积降水量与雨量站的空间相关性很强(相关系数大于0.9),基本上能捕捉到整个降水过程的空间分布。降水主要分布在江苏省北部,但卫星高估了江苏省东北部强降水中心的降水量;对于小时时序区域平均降水,卫星高估了降水,而雷达低估了累积降水量。综合降水中心区域分析,IMERG的强降水区域降水量与雨量站的时间序列的偏差显著;RQPE在降水峰值达到之前及峰值之后与地面雨量站的变化趋势基本一致,但对降雨量峰值有明显的偏低。RQPE能较为准确地在时间上捕捉到降雨强度的变化趋势,但对于大雨及暴雨的估测能力不佳;RQPE的POD、SCI值都远远高于IMERG, FAR也较小。IMERG几乎未能监测到强降水的发生。总体上,RQPE对此次龙卷风强降水量的估测表现优于3种IMERG产品,特别是在捕捉强降水区域的空间分布方面,但对于强降水的估测能力仍需进一步改善。     

山东一次台风龙卷过程灾调及环境和天气雷达特征分析

2018年8月19日受台风“温比亚”影响,山东省临沂市遭受龙卷袭击。通过实地灾情调查,给出了该龙卷的影响范围、灾害分布和强度评估等,综合考虑不同标识物和致灾过程,评估本次龙卷强度为EF3级。分析龙卷发生的环境和天气雷达特征,结果表明：龙卷发生在低抬升凝结高度(≤300 m)、强低层垂直风切变(≥18×10^-3s^-1)、强相对风暴螺旋度(≥350 m²/s²)和较低对流有效位能(≤400 J/kg)的有利环境条件下;龙卷超级单体嵌于台风右侧螺旋雨带内,龙卷发生在中气旋与风暴后侧下沉气流区相接一侧,与龙卷涡旋特征位置对应;龙卷及地时中气旋向下延伸加强,同时风暴顶及单体质心迅速下降;若探测到低层中等强度中气旋时应发布龙卷预警,则此次过程的龙卷预警时间提前量为15～20 min。