Variability of thermohaline structure at 4°S, 156°E during TOGA COARE IOP

The thermohaline structure at 4°S, 156°E was analyzed based on CTD data acquired during the TOGA COARE Intensive Observing Period (IOP) from November, 1992 to February, 1993. The ocean responses during two Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) events were preliminarily studied based on meteorological field observation. The main water masses at the observation point were Tropical Surface Water, Southern Subtropical Lower Water and Southern Intermediate Water from surface downward. There was good correlation of sea surface temperature with the wind field, and of the surface salinity with wind speed and rainfalls. Both of the two surface variables were also modulated by upwelling caused by westerly winds at the observation point. The isohaline layer was not always shallower than the isothemal layer in this observation and could be considered as the lower limit of the diurnal variation of the isothernal layers in most cases. The existence of large variations of the maximum salinity core is suggested to be related to the meridional motion in that depth. Contribution No. 2264 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This project was supported by NSFC (No. 49176255).     

长江口涨潮与落潮流速和悬沙输运不对称性研究

为了量化比较海表层环境及温跃层环境对南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼渔场分布的影响程度;本研究采用2010-2012年南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔船实际生产统计数据;结合卫星遥感所获取的海表面温度（sea surface temperature;SST）和海表面高度（sea surface height;SSH）数据以及Argo浮标所获取的温跃层上、下界水温和深度数据;运用外包络法分别构建了基于海表层环境变量、温跃层上界环境变量以及温跃层下界环境变量的3种栖息地适应性指数（habitat suitability index;HSI）模型。模型验证结果显示;基于海表层环境变量的HSI模型;HSI>0.6时所占产量比重为70.04%;投钩数量比重为70.86%;HSI>0.8时所占产量比重为24.92%;投钩数量比重为25.79%;基于温跃层上界环境变量的HSI模型;HSI>0.6时所占产量比重为82.17%;投钩数量比重为80.95%;HSI>0.8时所占产量比重为33.24%;投钩数量比重为32.69%;基于温跃层下界环境变量的HSI模型;HSI>0.6时所占产量比重为81.01%;投钩数量比重为81.54%;HSI>0.8时所占产量比重为43.51%;投钩数量比重为43.73%。研究发现;基于温跃层上界和下界环境变量的两个HSI模型预报精度明显高于基于表层环境变量的HSI模型;且基于温跃层下界环境变量的HSI模型预报精度高于基于温跃层上界环境变量的HSI模型。研究结果表明;相较于海表层环境;温跃层环境;尤其是温跃层下界环境特征对南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼资源分布的影响更为显著。     

The Southwest Indian Ocean thermocline dome in CMIP5 models: Historical simulation and future projection

Using 20 models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), the simulation of the Southwest Indian Ocean (SWIO) thermocline dome is evaluated and its role in shaping the Indian Ocean Basin (IOB) mode following El Niño investigated. In most of the CMIP5 models, due to an easterly wind bias along the equator, the simulated SWIO thermocline is too deep, which could further influence the amplitude of the interannual IOB mode. A model with a shallow (deep) thermocline dome tends to simulate a strong (weak) IOB mode, including key attributes such as the SWIO SST warming, antisymmetric pattern during boreal spring, and second North Indian Ocean warming during boreal summer. Under global warming, the thermocline dome deepens with the easterly wind trend along the equator in most of the models. However, the IOB amplitude does not follow such a change of the SWIO thermocline among the models; rather, it follows future changes in both ENSO forcing and local convection feedback, suggesting a decreasing effect of the deepening SWIO thermocline dome on the change in the IOB mode in the future.     

南海南部混合层底盐度异常水体的结构特征

利用南海南部航次的温度和盐度资料,给出春、夏季风转换期间南海南部混合层以下盐度异常水体的空间结构特征。分析发现,这种盐度异常水体出现在混合层底,其垂向分布有2种类型：第1种类型主要分布在南海南部的东侧,特征为混合层底出现低盐极值水体;第2种类型主要分布在南海南部的西侧,特征为在较深的位置出现低盐极值水体,在低盐极值之上会出现高盐极值水体。     

反厄尔尼诺事件的个例分析

根据“中美热带西太平洋海-气相互作用联合考察”1—8航次考察资料、美国NOAA、日本气象厅及我国国家气象中心气候资料室提供的SST、水位和风场等资料,对1988—1989年反厄尔尼诺事件(La Nina)形成及发展过程和热带西太平洋海洋上层热结构的相互变化作了综合分析。文章指出在La Nina事件期间,热带太平洋的海、气参数均发生了相应的变化。热带西太平洋温跃层及热含量(0—150m)作出的响应,显示出当La Nina增强时,温跃层下降,热含量增加;La Nina盛期时,温跃层最深,热含量最大;La Nina减弱时,温跃层上升,热含量减小。它们与厄尔尼诺事件(El Nino)的关系则恰好相反。     

海面风场对环台湾岛海域温跃层的影响

本文首先给出了环台湾岛海域的海表风场计算方法和海表风应力的参数化。在此基础上，把该研究海域分为四个区域，用对比的方法分析由POM模式所得到的数值结果，讨论了海表风应力对该海域不同类型温跃层的具体影响。主要结果如下：海表风应力是影响温跃层的动力因子，对季节性温跃层的深度和强度均有重大影响，但对大洋温跃层的影响不大；海面风场作用数值计算与实际风场误差不大，故可以用计算所得的风场来代表实际风场作实验对比分析；海表风应力较小时有利于温跃层的发展加强，风应力较大时温跃层将减弱消失。     

南极普里兹湾海域水文特征研究──夏季温、盐分布特征及底层水形成的探讨

分析普里兹湾及其附近海域温、盐分布特征，提出在艾默里冰架外侧有一片温暖水域。指出：１、变性极大的南极绕极深层水的前沿混合水可以影响到陆架上的南纬６７°左右；２、在两个“ＣＴＤ”探头直达海底的测站，深层观测到了温度为负值、盐度为３４．６７。据此，作者指出该水体属于南极底层水。此外，还对整个海区的跃层现象进行分类，计算了跃层的强度、厚度和深度。     

东海夏季跃层深度计算方法的比较

基于31°N和PN断面高分辨率的温度、盐度和密度(CTD)资料,分别选取1992,1998和2001年东海夏季长江径流量偏小、偏大和正常的3个年份,运用4种跃层计算方法计算了2个断面的温跃层和密度跃层上界的深度。计算结果与实际跃层上界深度比较发现,在3种不同条件下,采用垂向梯度法计算的东海夏季跃层上界深度,无论在浅海海区还是深海海区均较为理想。长江径流量偏小和正常的年份,在东海的浅海海区(水深<200m)运用S-T法计算的跃层上界深度与垂向梯度法的结果比较一致,都与实际跃层深度符合较好。在具有高分辨率资料的情况下,垂向梯度法是4种方法中计算东海夏季跃层上界深度的最佳方法。在缺乏高分辨率资料且长江径流量不大时,夏季东海浅海海区也可以运用S-T法计算温跃层和密度跃层上界深度。     

Extraction of Internal Tidal Currents from A Portion of Sea Current Profile

Internal tide is one of the major oceanic phenomena. Determination of internal tide is important for theoretical studyand for ocean engineering research. As an inverse problem, extraction of internal tidal currents from sea currents is diffi-cult. In this paper, a method is developed to extract internal tidal currents from a portion of the sea current profile basedon the fact that the directions of internal tidal currents above and below the thermocline are inverse. Sea current data col-lected from the South China Sea is processed with this method. The internal tidal currents and the depth of the thermo-cline are successfully extracted. The depth of the thermocline determined is in good agreement with that measured in 1959.