DAYTIME HEAT BALANCE FOR ESTIMATING NON-RADIATIVE FLUXES OF LAKE BANYOLES,SPAIN

Combining a six-term heat balance equation and a seasonal thermocline model, a new equation to calculate non- radiative fluxes of Lake Banyoles has been determined. Mean daily measurements of global solar radiation, downward longwave radiation, wind speed, air temperature and water surface temperature were used as input data and lake temperature as the calculated output data of the model. To calibrate performance of the new equation, calculated lake temperature was compared with measured lake temperature during both the mixing and the stratified period of the lake. The new coefficients in the wind function to calculate the non-radiative fluxes at the water surface were assumed to depend on the variability of the wind speed, the air temperature of the study area and the surface temperature of the lake. In addition, the results were used to estimate the heat balance of the air–water interface of Lake Banyoles over a period of two years. The processes that have been taken into account are shortwave and longwave radiation, back-radiation emitted by the lake, sensible and latent heat and throughflow.     

南海东北部C型内孤立波的观测与分析

基于布放在南海东北部陆坡海域的5套潜标观测到的内孤立波波列数据和孤立波扰动KdV(PKdV)理论,研究内孤立波在趋浅陆架上的传播特征。得出如下结果:1)观测到的内孤立波属于C型内孤立波,即平均重现周期为(23.41±0.31)h。2)内孤立波在西传爬坡过程中,其振幅表现为先增大后减小再增大,与该海域温跃层深度的变化趋势一致;由观测数据和理论计算得到的孤立波振幅增长率(SAGR)数值接近,表明该海域的内孤立波的振幅变化可以采用由孤立波PKdV方程导出的趋浅温跃层理论来描述。3)随着水深变浅,内孤立波传播方向向北偏移,传播速度减小,即在A,B和D站位,传播方向分别为279°,296°和301°,偏转角度达22°;传播速度分别为2.36,2.23和1.47 m/s,减小38%。     

1998年5-6月南海上混合层、温跃层 不同定义的比较

本文根据混合层和温跃层的两种不同定义，对1998年南海南北部和西太平洋混合层和温跃层的定点观测资料进行了计算和分析，比较了不同定义确定的混层，温跃层的共同点和差异。在此基础上，得出南海和西太平洋的障碍层厚度。     

南海北部海区温跃层分布特征及成因的初步分析

利用二十一层海温再分析资料，详细分析了我国南海北部海区温跃层的强度、深度及厚度的季节变化特征。结果表明：在南海陆架浅水区域内，存在着随季节变化明显的辐射型温跃层；3－5月是温跃层的成长期：6－8月是该海域温跃层的强盛期；而9－11月温跃层开始减弱，到了冬季（12月到次年2月）温跃层变得最终，趋于消亡。结合本海区温跃层的这种变化特征，分析了该海域净辐射通量的分布状况及随季节的变化特征，证明了净辐射通量是影响该海域温跃层季节性分布特征的最重要因素之一。     

台湾海峡的温度逆跃层

本文利用1940～1986年国内外海洋观测资料约3600站次,分析了116°～121°E,21°30′～26°N区域内海水的温度逆跃层,结果表明本海域秋、冬、春季西岸海区出现温度逆跃层,同渤海相比,本区温度逆跃层的上界深度较深,厚度较大强度也较大,文中对该类温度逆跃层的成因作了初步探讨。     

日本周边海域温跃层特性研究及温度剖面模型构建

使用"中国ARGO实时资料中心"提供的2005—2009年连续5 a日本南部海域的ARGO浮标资料,通过建立标准层,统计并提取各标准层的剖面温度,采用AKIMA插值方法计算各层的温度梯度。较详细分析了该海域温度垂直剖面特征及温跃层的分布规律。在此基础上,使用分段三次多项式拟合方法建立了适用于该海区的温度垂直剖面模型,并利用2010年ARGO数据对模型进行了验证,研究表明,经过模型模拟的剖面温度与实测温度之间的相关系数可达到0.99以上。     

春夏季南黄海西部沿岸低盐水入侵温跃层现象的研究

2000年6月至2002年6月春夏季期间,在南黄海春夏季南黄海西部沿岸低盐水入侵温跃层现象的研究鱼产卵场进行了4个航次的多学科调查,海洋水文观测分析结果表明:在苏北浅滩外侧、成山头—石岛外侧的层化海区的温跃层中存在低盐水现象.春夏增温季节温跃层加强,低盐水入侵现象逐渐增强;入侵强度也存在年际变化.苏北浅滩入侵低盐水舌向北偏东方向延伸,水舌较宽,入侵较远;石岛附近入侵低盐水舌向南偏西方向延伸,水舌较窄,入侵较弱.温跃层中低盐水是由于沿岸低盐水入侵造成的,并与当地的潮锋现象存在密切的关系.     

Evolution of planktonic foraminifera and thermocline in the southern South China Sea since 12 Ma (ODP-184, Site 1143)

Down-core variation in planktonic foraminifera (PF) at Site 1143 (ODP 184) has disclosed the evolution of upper water-column structure over the last 12 Ma in the southern South China Sea. In the early Late Miocene (∽10.6–7.8 Ma), there existed a lower percentage of total deep-dwelling species, reflecting a water thermocline deeper than that in the Middle Miocene, which resulted from the closure of Indonesian seaway and relevant intensification of the equatorial warm current. After the increase in deep-dwelling PF and the rising of thermocline during the late Late Miocene (7.6–6.4 Ma), the total deep-dwelling species decreased gradually from late Late Miocene (6.4 Ma) to the Pliocene, implying the deepening of water thermocline. The evolution of thermocline depth in the southern South China Sea reflected by the PF at Site 1143 might be a good indicator of the change of west Pacific “warm pool”.     

Interannual Thermocline Signals and El Nio-La Nia Turnabout in the Tropical Pacific Ocean

One of the fundamental questions concerning the nature and prediction of the oceanic states in the equatorial eastern Pacific is how the turnabout from a cold water state (La Nina) to a warm water state (El Nino) takes place, and vice versa. Recent studies show that this turnabout is directly linked to the interannual thermocline variations in the tropical Pacific Ocean basin. An index, as an indicator and precursor to describe interannual thermocline variations and the turnabout of oceanic states in our previous paper (Qian and Hu, 2005), is also used in this study. The index, which shows the maximum subsurface temperature anomaly (MSTA), is derived from the monthly 21-year (1980-2000) expendable XBT dataset in the present study. Results show that the MSTA can be used as a precursor for the occurrences of El Nino (or La Nina) events. The subsequent analyses of the MSTA propagations in the tropical Pacific suggest a one-year potential predictability for El Nino and La Nina events by identifying ocean temperature anomalies in the thermocline of the western Pacific Ocean. It also suggests that a closed route cycle with the strongest signal propagation is identified only in the tropical North Pacific Ocean. A positive (or negative) MSTA signal may travel from the western equatorial Pacific to the eastern equatorial Pacific with the strongest signal along the equator. This signal turns northward along the tropical eastern boundary of the basin and then moves westward along the north side of off-equator around 16°N. Finally, the signal returns toward the equator along the western boundary of the basin. The turnabout time from an El Nino event to a La Nina event in the eastern equatorial Pacific depends critically on the speed of the signal traveling along the closed route, and it usually needs about 4 years. This finding may help to predict the occurrence of the El Nino or La Nina event at least one year in advance.     

中西太平洋延绳钓黄鳍金枪鱼渔场时空分布与温跃层关系

为了解热带中西太平洋延绳钓黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)适宜的温跃层参数分布区间,采用Argo浮标温度信息和中西太平洋渔业委员会(The Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission,WCPFC)的黄鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔获数据,绘制了热带中西太平洋月平均温跃层特征参数和月平均CPUE的空间叠加图,用于分析热带中西太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼中心渔场时空分布和温跃层特征参数间的关系。分析结果表明:热带中西太平洋温跃层上界深度、温度具有明显的季节性变化,而温跃层下界深度、温度季节性变化不明显,黄鳍金枪鱼中心渔场分布和温跃层季节性变化有关。全年中心渔场的位置分布在温跃层上界深度高值区域,随温跃层上界深度高值区域季节性南北移动。在新几内亚以东纬向区域(5°N~10°S,150°E~170°W)上界深度值全年都在70~100m之间,全年都是延绳钓黄鳍金枪鱼中心渔场。中心渔场上界温度多在26℃以上,但是在上界温度超过30℃区域,CPUE值较小。中心渔场主要分布在温跃层下界深度两条高值带之间区域,在温跃层下界深度超过300m和小于150m区域,CPUE值均偏低。中心渔场主要分布在下界温度低于13℃区域,下界温度超过17℃难以形成中心渔场。频次分析和经验累积分布函数计算其适宜温跃层特征参数分布,得出中西太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼适宜的温跃层上界温度和深度分别是27~29.9℃和70~109m;适宜的温跃层下界温度和深度分别是11~13.9℃和250~299m。文章初步得出中西太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼中心渔场温跃层各特征参数的适宜分布区间及季节变化特征,为我国金枪鱼实际生产作业提供技术支持。