黑河中游夏季昼夜水汽同位素特征及水汽来源分析

基于2012年6～8月的实测水汽同位素数据及相关气象数据,对黑河中游夏季昼夜的同位素基本特征、水汽来源方向及潜在蒸发源地进行了研究。结果表明:空气水汽线斜率白天大于夜晚和水汽过量氘值白天大于夜晚,综合说明白天局地蒸发较夜晚强烈;夏季受西风水汽影响显著。其中,6月主要受西风水汽和北冰洋水汽影响,7、8月主要受西风水汽和东南方向水汽影响,且8月受东南方向水汽影响最为明显;水汽运移路径上下垫面地形和气压带移动会影响水汽后向轨迹高度,西北方向上水汽输送通道较顺畅,风速较大,有利于水汽的输送;水汽蒸发源地主要集中在研究区周围及以东、以北部,其次是西北部。绿洲是主要的水汽蒸发源地,其次是城市和河流,白天较夜晚局地蒸发强烈且面积大。     

ANALYSIS OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF RAINFALL AND LINEAR TREND IN MENGLUN, XISHUANGBANNA, SOUTHWEST CHINA

1 INTRODUCTIONAs one of the main factors affecting input and useof precipitation by forests, rainfall also makes adifference on partitioning of gross precipitation overthe canopy, equilibrium of water amount in river basinsand water cycling processes[1-4]…     

辽宁省雷暴日数的时空变化特征

利用1978—2007年辽宁59个站常规地面观测资料,对雷暴日数的时空变化进行分析。结果表明：辽宁省年平均雷暴日数为28.1 d,在空间分布上呈现从东、西部山区向中部丘陵、平原及沿海地区逐渐递减的特征。1978—2007年雷暴日数总体呈逐渐下降趋势,平均每10 a下降1.2 d;并且有明显的季、月变化,夏季最多,秋季次之,冬季几乎没有发生;3—5月迅速增多,6—8月变化趋于平稳,9—12月迅速减少。雷暴在14—20时发生频率最高,20—02时次之,02—08时最少。雷暴初终间日数平均为175.8 d,最长为295 d,最短为102 d。雷暴初日4月最多,5月次之,3月最少。雷暴终日10月最多,9月次之,12月最少。并呈开始早,结束晚的趋势。     

遥感技术在植物物候研究中的应用综述

通过遥感技术研究植物物候现象的机理分析,认为植被指数可反映植被各物候期的特征。国内外在探测植物生长季始末日期、花期变化、净第一性生产力变化、全球碳收支等方面的研究促进了植物物候的发展;同样物候研究也可提高遥感影像植物分类和作物估产的精度,同时可促进高光谱遥感的发展。通过我国物候研究从传统的农林业应用转向注重遥感探测、生态学应用的现状分析,展望了我国物候发展方向：关注植物生长季始末时间的时空分布规律;遥感监测植物季相变化;遥感监测植物花期;注重探讨植物生理和生态特征;植物高光谱遥感物候研究;重视物候科普普及工作。     

1971—2020年呼伦贝尔市积雪气候特征和未来趋势预估

利用1971—2020年呼伦贝尔市16个国家气象站最长积雪日数和最大积雪深度资料,采用经验正交函数（EOF）分析、重标极差分析（R/S）和非周期循环分析,统计最长积雪日数和最大积雪深度时间序列的Hurst指数、分维数和非周期循环的平均循环长度,分析最长积雪日数和最大积雪深度变化趋势和记忆周期;同时采用MOD10A2积雪产品,研究2001—2018年呼伦贝尔市积雪覆盖率变化。结果表明：（1）近50年呼伦贝尔市最长积雪日数呈递减趋势,最大积雪深度呈递增趋势;（2）积雪深度>20、30cm的年平均积雪日数主要出现在1996—2014年,其中积雪深度>30cm年平均积雪日数>1d;(3)呼伦贝尔市积雪初日出现在10月中旬至11月上旬,积雪终日在4月结束,积雪初日出现最早时间和积雪终日结束最晚时间都在呼伦贝尔市的北部地区;（4）R/S分析和非周期循环研究表明,呼伦贝尔市最长积雪日数和最大积雪深度H指数分别为0.589 9和0.889,即最长积雪日数未来减少和最大积雪深度未来增多趋势持续,持续时间分别为8和12 a;(5)呼伦贝尔市年平均积雪覆盖率为98.87%,呈波动增加趋势,...     

DISCHARGE AND SEDIMENT-LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HILDA ROCK-GLACIER STREAM,CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS,ALBERTA

Water discharge and sediment load characteristics of the Hilda rock-glacier stream are described for portions of the 1985 and 1986 ablation seasons. Covering an area of 1.5 km², the Hilda rock glacier yields a relatively consistent flow, generally low in suspended sediments and relatively high in total dissolved solids during the ablation season. The seasonal hydrograph shows decreasing discharge and suspended sediment load and increasing dissolved loads through the ablation season as snowmelt water sources are depleted. Superimposed on this is a diurnal hydrograph showing that daily peaks in discharge lag several hours behind daily temperature maxima. Rain events produce hydrograph anomalies and act to flush sediment, elevating suspended loads, while diluting dissolved loads. These data suggest that rock-glacier hydrological systems are more responsive to short-term and transient meteorological conditions than previously suggested in the literature. Nonetheless, the data indicate that the Hilda rock glacier is more conservative in both water and sediment yield than glacier systems of comparable size and in the same environment.     

Changing Trends of Daily Temperature Extremes with Different Intensities in China

By comparing two sets of quality-controlled daily temperature observation data with and without the inhomogeneity test and adjustment from 654 stations in China during 1956-2004 and 1956-2010, impacts of inhomogeneity on changing trends of four percentile temperature extreme indices, including occurrences of cold days, cold nights, warm days, and warm nights with varying intensities, were discussed. It is found that the inhomogeneity affected the long-term trends averaged over extensive regions limitedly. In order to minimize the inhomogeneity impact, the 83 stations identified with obvious inhomogeneity impacts were removed, and an updated analysis of changing trends of the four temperature extreme indices with varying intensities during 1956-2010 was conducted. The results show that annual occurrences of both cold nights and cold days decreased greatly while those of warm nights and warm days increased significantly during the recent 20 years. The more extreme the event is, the greater the magnitude of changing trends for the temperature extreme index is. An obvious increasing trend was observed in annual occurrences of cold days and cold nights in the recent four years. The magnitude of changing trends of warm extreme indices was greater than that of cold extreme indices, and it was greater in northern China than in southern China. Trends for summer occurrence of cold days were not significant. Decreasing trends of occurrences of both cold nights and cold days were the greatest in December, January, and February (DJF) but the least in June, July, and August (JJA), while increasing trends of warm nights were the greatest in JJA. Cold nights significantly decreased from 1956 to 1990, and then the decreasing trend considerably weakened. The decreasing trend also showed an obvious slowdown in recent years for occurrence of cold days. However, increasing trends of warm nights and warm days both have been accelerated continuously since the recent decades. Further analysis presents that the evolution of the trends for occurrences of the four temperature extreme indices was dominated by the changes in northern China.     

气候变暖背景下极端气候对青海祁连山水文水资源的影响

利用青海祁连山区极端气候要素和青海湖、哈拉湖及主要河流的水文资料,研究表明:冷夜日数(10%)呈显著减少趋势,暖夜日数(90%)呈显著增加趋势;年大风日数显著减少;年降水量21世纪初增加趋势最为显著并发生突变,降水量增加幅度中西段大于东段;≥5 mm、≥10 mm、≥25 mm年降水日数呈显著增加趋势,进入21世纪后更为明显,而≥0.1 mm年降水日数呈减少趋势;年平均大风日数与湖泊水位、河流流量变化呈负相关,大风天气的减少,可以缓解湖面和土壤因蒸发而导致的水分损失,对植被的改善可增加径流的产生,流入湖泊的流量增加;降水量与湖泊水位、河流流量呈正相关,受21世纪降水量增加的影响青海湖水位逐年上升,共上升1.67 m,达到20世纪70年代末的水位,中西部主要河流流量近几年也达到最大值,而东段流量增加不明显;祁连山区≥5 mm、≥10 mm、≥25 mm年平均降水量与湖泊、河流流量变化呈正相关,各量级年降水量对湖泊水位、河流流量的增加贡献显著。     

1960～2010年湖南雨日的时空变化特征

采用湖南省的88个地面气象站点逐日降水资料,运用经验正交分解（EOF）、线性回归、小波分析等方法分析了湖南雨日的空间变化特征和气候变化趋势,以及湖南雨日与降水量的关系。结果表明：湖南雨日空间分布大致是南多北少,平原少于山区丘陵区,呈现出2条少雨日带、4个多雨日区;过去51 a湖南大部分地区雨日呈减少趋势,对比雨日的空间分布发现,未来湖南雨日的空间分布差异可能减小;湖南雨日存在明显的年代际变化,1970年代和2000年代分别为近51 a来雨日最多和最少的10 a。湖南雨日的空间分型既有全区一致性,也存在着东南部—西北部、湘中地区与周围地区及东部—西部相反变化的差异。全区一致型雨日呈下降趋势,存在3 a、8 a和21 a周期变化。东南—西北反向型雨日东南（西北）呈下降（上升）趋势,存在3 a、6 a和18 a周期变化。湖南雨日与降水量呈正相关关系,且雨日和降水量的时空变化特征非常相似。     

What Drives the Decadal Variability of Global Tropical Storm Days from 1965 to 2019?

The tropical storm day(TSD)is a combined measure of genesis and lifespan.It reflects tropical cyclone(TC)overall activity,yet its variability has rarely been studied,especially globally.Here we show that the global total TSDs exhibit pronounced interannual(3-6 years)and decadal(10 years)variations over the past five-to-six decades without a significant trend.The leading modes of the interannual and decadal variability of global TSD feature similar patterns in the western Pacific and Atlantic,but different patterns in the Eastern Pacific and the Southern Indian Ocean.The interannual and decadal leading modes are primarily linked to El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)and Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO),respectively.The TSDs-ENSO relationship has been steady during the entire 55-year period,but the TSDs-PDO relationship has experienced a breakdown in the 1980 s.We find that the decadal variation of TSD in the Pacific is associated with the PDO sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies in the tropical eastern Pacific(PDO-E),while that in the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean is associated with the PDO SST anomalies in the western Pacific(PDO-W).However,the PDO-E and PDO-W SST anomalies are poorly coupled in the 1980 s,and this"destructive PDO"pattern results in a breakdown of the TSDs-PDO relationship.The results here have an important implication for seasonal to decadal predictions of global TSD.