当代云计算发展研究现状

地理信息技术和地理信息产业作为信息产业的重要组成部分,一直与其同步发展或紧随其后。目前,第三次信息化浪潮和未来技术的代表云计算正在迅速兴起,全球各大IT公司竞相进入云计算领域,抢占制高点;我国也高度重视这一战略性新兴产业,呈现出科研先行,政府推动,企业参与,风起"云"涌的态势。全球学术界和企业界密切协作,有力推动了云计算技术的发展。测绘地理信息界需要了解国际国内云计算研究发展现状。     

GIS in the K-12 Curriculum: A Cautionary Note

Two qualitative case studies, one focusing on K-12 teachers and the other on middle school students, explore key factors associated with using Geographic Information Systems in the classroom. In both studies, access to appropriate hardware is a critical barrier. Time is another critical barrier—time to learn the GIS software and time in the curriculum to incorporate GIS as a learning experience. In both case studies, learning the technology at the expense of learning spatial analysis was a danger, suggesting the need for conscious focus on the goal of using GIS to learn how to “do geography.”     

高光谱遥感卫星技术及其地质应用

在收集国内外高光谱技术发展、地质应用与研究实例资料的基础上,主要介绍了国内外高光谱地质应用的现状及其主要进展,并简要介绍了高光谱地质应用的主要技术。结合地质应用成功的实例,分析了高光谱遥感卫星技术在矿物识别与填图、岩性填图、矿产资源勘探、矿业环境监测、油气渗漏监测等地学方面的应用优势与前景,同时指出了目前高光谱遥感卫星技术地质应用存在的主要问题与发展趋势。     

贝类净化技术研究现状与展望

随着养殖水域环境问题日益凸显,贝类食品安全问题越来越受到重视,贝类在进入流通环节前进行净化将成为不可缺少的处理环节。本文从贝类净化工艺类型、净化用水处理技术,以及贝类净化对风味的影响等方面对当前国内外研究进展进行了总结梳理,并提出下一步贝类净化应重点解决的问题,为深入开展贝类净化相关研究提供参考。     

Chironomid-based paleosalinity records in southern British Columbia, Canada: a comparison of transfer functions

Chironomid remains from Big Lake, British Columbia were analysed and paleosalinities were estimated using a pre-existing transfer function and several developed using new regression methods. A two component partial-least-squares model (PLS-2) had the highest coefficient of determination (R² _(Jackknifed) = 0.75) and lowest root-mean-squared error-of-prediction (RMSEP). As compared to the pre-existing model, it was also less sensitive to the influence of rare taxa. Nevertheless, the marginally larger R² _(Jackknifed) and lower RMSEP do not clearly identify a single best model. The models were applied to Big, Mahoney and Kilpoola lakes, revealing the sensitivity of paleosalinity inferences to model selection. A synopsis of chironomid-based paleosalinities in British Columbia and their correspondence with other paleoclimatic data are presented and discussed.     

污染企业/产业转移的特征、模式与动力机制

污染企业/产业的转移不仅重塑了区域发展格局,也改变了环境污染的分布,对区域可持续发展产生了显著影响。探讨污染企业/产业转移对于污染治理和区域协调发展具有重要意义。基于对相关文献的梳理,系统归纳了污染企业/产业的概念和类别,总结了污染企业/产业的转移特征、模式和动力机制。研究表明：① 官方文件、污染排放强度、污染排放规模是污染产业界定和分类的主要依据。② 污染企业/产业在不同的地理尺度上形成不同的转移模式：在城市内部形成分散式外围区转移、集中式功能区转移、远离敏感区转移三种模式;在省内城市间呈现出由发达城市向欠发达城市、由环境规制强的核心区向环境规制弱的边缘区的转移特征。邻省转移模式以经济较发达和环境规制较强的省份为中心,向邻近省份扩散,并形成向多省交界处、由河流上游省份向下游省份、沿交通线向次级城市的三种转移路径。跨省转移形成成本导向型、市场扩张型和政策推动型三种模式。③ 污染企业/产业的转移方向呈现出一定的特征和模式,包括区域、地理、经济、功能区、政策5种研究视角和15种转移方向。④ 污染企业的迁移方式包括整体迁移和部分迁移两种模式,后者包括迁移生产基地、工序外包、绿色并购与对外收购、建立子公司或分厂等。⑤ 影响污染企业/产业转移的因素既包括经济、社会、地理、政策等单因素,也包括多种因素的交互作用。在多维的复杂影响机制中,政府扮演了重要角色,企业的异质性、空间集聚效应、制度等都产生了重要的影响。最后讨论了国内相关研究的不足,并在此基础上提出一些思考和建议。     

差分技术在自动地电阻率法资料解释中的应用

自动地电阻率法在探测地下老窑巷道等地质异常体中,当异常体的埋深增加时,其相对视电阻率曲线的异常会逐渐变得平缓而且模糊。为此,对视电阻率曲线求差分,以突出深部异常,将实测数据中的地质信息充分提取出来。有限元仿真和应用结果表明,一般电阻率勘探方法资料解释中的差分技术,在同样属于电阻率方法的自动地电阻率探测中仍然是适用的。     

Metamorphic veining and mass transfer in a chemically closed system: a case study in Alpine metabauxites (western Vanoise)

In western Vanoise (French Alps), karstic pockets of Triassic‐to‐Jurassic metabauxites embedded in carbonate rocks and containing several generations of metamorphic veins were studied. During blueschist facies metamorphism, a cumulative amount of ～13 vol% of water is inferred to have been produced locally by successive dehydration reactions, and part of this fluid remained in the bauxitic lenses during most of the metamorphic cycle. Field and geochemical evidence show that these rocks have been isolated from large‐scale fluid flow (closed‐system behaviour). It is proposed that the internally derived fluid has promoted the opening of fluid‐filled open spaces (as attested by the euhedral habits of vein minerals) and served as medium for mass transfer from rock to vein. Indeed, the vein infill is obviously the result of chemical interactions, at the millimetre‐to‐centimetre scale, between the rock minerals and the locally produced aqueous fluid. Two vein types can be distinguished based on mineralogical and textural features: (i) some veins are filled with newly formed products of either prograde (chloritoid) or retrograde (chlorite) metamorphic reactions; in this case, fluid‐filled open spaces seem to offer energetically favourable nucleation/growth sites; (ii) the second vein type is infilled with cookeite or pyrophyllite, that were present in the host rock prior to the vein formation. In this closed chemical system, the components for the vein infill minerals have been transferred from rock to vein through the fluid, in a dissolution–transport–precipitation process, possibly stress‐assisted. These different vein generations all contain Al‐rich mineral infills, suggesting that Al was a mobile element (cm scale) during metamorphism. In these HP rocks, fluid flow may have been restricted, and if so mass transfer occurred by diffusion in an almost stagnant fluid. Metamorphic veins can be seen as witnesses of fluid and mass redistribution that partly accommodate the rock deformation (lateral segregation).     

基于3S技术的野生动物生境评价与保护研究——以高黎贡山羚牛为例

在3S技术和数理统计分析技术支持下,应用羚牛行为生态学研究成果,在研究羚牛生境分布与空间格局的基础上,通过空间分析,开展高黎贡山北段羚牛生境适宜性评价与保护研究。研究结果表明:适宜羚牛生存的生境面积有限,并有逐年减少的趋势,为有效保护高黎贡山羚牛,有必要加强羚牛现有生境保护,尤其是最适宜生境的保护;消除羚牛生境阻隔因素,增强生境连通性。     

地下开挖可视化决策的关键技术研究

地下工程开挖导致地层沉陷,这种地质环境效应对该范围内的建（构）筑物、管线、道路、桥梁、水体、农用设施等都可能构成不同程度的损害。为了确保地下工程开挖对地面环境损害最小,提出了利用GIS技术进行地下工程开挖决策设计的思路,并探讨了其可行性与必要性,研究了实现地下工程开挖可视化决策系统的数据处理以及实现可视化的关键技术,建立了数据库E-R模型。