近20 a塔城地区暖区暴雪环流分型及成因分析

选用2000—2019年11月—次年3月塔城地区7个国家气象观测站逐日降水、温度、常规地面和高空观测资料、美国国家环境预报中心（NCEP）再分析资料,确定近20 a塔城地区暖区暴雪天气过程并进行分析。结果表明：（1） 塔城地区暖区暴雪发生于塔额盆地的塔城站、裕民站和额敏站,塔城站出现频次最多;时间分布上,11月和12月出现暖区暴雪的频次最高,且主要集中在11月中旬—12月上旬,1月次之,2月最少。（2） 塔城地区暖区暴雪分为3类：低槽前部型、横槽底部型和西北急流型,地面低压为西方和西北路径。低槽前部型是最典型的暖区暴雪形势,主要出现在11月—12月上旬,发生在西西伯利亚低槽前部锋区与南支中纬度短波槽汇合区,地面低压为西北路径;横槽底部型主要出现在11月—次年1月,发生在极锋锋区底部偏西气流和中纬度暖湿西南气流汇合的强锋区中,地面低压为西方路径;西北急流型主要出现在11—12月,发生在极锋锋区西北气流中,地面低压为西北路径。（3） 500~300 hPa强西北或偏西急流、700 hPa偏西低空急流、850 hPa暖式切变的叠置区与暖区暴雪落区一致,低槽前部型和西北急流型为锋前暖区产生暴雪,横槽底部型为低压右前部暖锋锋生产生暴雪。（4） 低槽前部型和横槽底部型的水汽均为偏西路径,来自地中海、阿拉伯海的水汽经里海、咸海增强后向暴雪区输送;西北急流型有偏西和西北2条水汽输送路径,来自高纬度巴伦支海的水汽与来自中低纬度里海、咸海、地中海、阿拉伯海的水汽在巴尔喀什湖附近汇合后向暴雪区输送,较强的水汽输送伴随低层明显的水汽辐合,强辐合中心位于850~700 hPa之间。     

北方麦收期间连阴雨天气环流特征

利用1980-2004年5月下旬至6月中旬北方麦收区30个代表站降水实况资料，连阴雨期间亚欧范围500hPa逐日形势图和500hPa高度平均图等，分析总结了近25年来北方麦收期间连阴雨的天气气候和环流形势特征；对北方麦收期间出现的连阴雨天气过程与环流形势和影响系统的关系进行初步探讨，确定连阴雨天气的概念模型。分析表明，阻塞高压形势且贝加尔湖附近伴有冷涡是造成连阴雨天气最主要的环流特征；在500hPa地转风υ场上，麦收区多处于南北风交界处；长连阴雨期间，850hPa东亚地区中低纬度盛行南风为主要特征。     

Synoptic Classification of Snowfall Events in the Great Smoky Mountains,USA

Mean annual snowfall in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) exhibits considerable spatial variability, ranging from 30 cm in the valleys to 254 cm at higher elevations. Snowfall can be tied to a variety of synoptic classes (e.g., Miller A or B cyclones, 500 hPa cutoff lows), but the frequency and significance of different synoptic classes have not been fully assessed, particularly at higher elevations. In this paper, we manually classify all snowfall events during the period 1991 to 2004 according to a synoptic classification scheme, calculate mean annual snowfall by 850 hPa wind direction and synoptic class, and develop composite plots of various synoptic fields. Hourly observations from nearby first-order stations and 24 hr snowfall totals from five sites within the GSMNP are used to define snowfall events. NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data are used to develop composite plots of various synoptic fields for cyclones passing south and then east of the area (e.g., Miller A cyclones). Results indicate that over 50% of the mean annual snowfall at higher elevations occurs in association with low-level northwest flow, and that Miller A cyclones contribute the greatest amount to mean annual snowfall at all elevations.     

THE EFFECT OF SYNOPTIC SCALE WEATHER SYSTEMS ON SUB‐SURFACE SOIL TEMPERATURES IN A DIURNAL FROST ENVIRONMENT: PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS FROM SUB‐ANTARCTIC MARION ISLAND

Marion Island in the South Indian Ocean has a maritime climate dominated by diurnal frost processes in the landscape. We test the hypothesis that synoptic time‐scale measurements are essential in understanding the drivers of diurnal frost processes. Preliminary results from automated microclimate measurements in a polar desert habitat show that diurnal soil surface temperatures on Marion Island are influenced by a complex interaction of radiation balance, air mass circulation, cloud cover and snow. The passage of synoptic scale weather systems influences soil thermal characteristics through changes in dominance of the radiation budget. Soil frost on Marion appears to be dependent on clear skies, while synoptic weather systems affect the duration and intensity of soil frost processes and non‐radiative heat fluxes. Air circulation patterns at Marion Island influence diurnal scale temperature fluctuations and its direct and indirect interactions with ecosystem processes. The data suggest that in a maritime sub‐Antarctic environment the climatic drivers of soil frost occur at a finertemporal resolution than for seasonal and permafrost environments and needs to be measured at a diurnal time‐scale to be meaningful.     

Using synoptic classification and trajectory analysis to assess air quality during the winter heating period in Ürümqi,China

Synoptic patterns identified by an automated procedure employing principal- component analysis and a two-stage cluster analysis, and backward trajectory analysis clustered by the HYSPLIT4.9 model were used to examine air quality patterns over¨ Uru¨mqi, China, one of the most heavily polluted cities in the world. Six synoptic patterns representing different atmospheric circulation patterns and air-mass characteristics were classified during the winter heating periods from 2001 to 2008, and seven trajectory clusters representing different paths of air masses arriving at ürümqi were calculated during the winter heating periods from 2005 to 2008. Then air quality was evaluated using these two approaches, and significant variations were found across both synoptic patterns and trajectory clusters. The heaviest air-pollution episodes occurred when ürümqi was either in an extremely cold, strong anticyclone or at the front of a migrating cyclone. Both conditions were characterized by with light winds, cold, wet surface air, and relatively dry upper air. ürümqi was predominately influenced by air masses from the southwest and from local areas. Air pollution index (API) levels were highest for air masses originating from the southwest with a longer path or for the local area, because of transport from semi-desert/desert regions by strong winds and because of local heavy pollution emissions, respectively. The interactions between these two analytical approaches showed that poor diffusion conditions, together with local circulation, enhanced air pollution, besides, regional air-mass transport caused by strong winds contributed to serious air quality under relatively good diffusion conditions.     

2011年12月至2012年2月T639、ECMWF及日本模式中期预报性能检验

对2011年12月至2012年2月T639、ECMWF及日本模式的中期预报产品的预报性能进行天气学检验和对比分析。结果表明：三家模式均对亚洲中高纬环流形势的调整、演变及对流层中低层温度变化具有较好的预报能力。EC模式对西风指数和850 hPa温度的预报最接近零场;日本和T639模式次之。对冬季南支槽的预报,EC模式效果较好,T639和日本模式预报强度偏弱。三家模式对地面冷高压中心强度的预报均存在不同程度的偏弱,日本模式预报误差最小,T639模式和EC模式误差相对较大。     

北极楚克奇海上空臭氧垂直变化的探测与分析

1999年夏季,中国首次组织北极地区科学考察.分析此次考察中楚克奇海海域上空获得的大气结构和臭氧探空资料,结合臭氧总量观测光谱仪(TOMS)臭氧总量和NCEP大气环流资料,指出:考察期间楚克奇海海域上空臭氧总量与13 km以下臭氧含量关系密切,而在20 km附近最大臭氧浓度处的臭氧变化与大气臭氧总量关系较差,表明整层臭氧总量的变化主要受低层大气臭氧变化的影响.大气臭氧总量呈高-低-高变化,对流层顶高度呈低-高-低变化,分析500hPa高度场表明:考察期间的天气系统可能是造成局地臭氧变化的主要原因.     

京津冀采暖期大气污染天气特征

选取2004—2006年京津冀地区采暖期155个区域大气污染日,对当日08:00(或前一日20:00)海平面气压场,结合高空环流特征进行了分析。对影响京津冀区域污染的天气形势划分为5种类型,即高压型、冷锋型、低压型、华北干槽型和均压场型,其中高压型最多,占40.0%。区域污染过程通常对应一次高空环流调整过程,连续性区域污染过程往往由多种天气型影响。地面辐合加上低层逆温和下沉运动阻碍污染物在水平和垂直方向的扩散,在污染源一定的条件下,稳定的大气层结和区域内特殊地形的影响是导致区域污染形成的重要原因。     

不同环流形势下浙江中西部地区强对流的诊断预报方法

基于地面观测和探空资料、NCEP／NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料,利用中尺度分析技术,对2008—2018年暖季（4—10月）发生在浙江中西部地区（简称浙中西）的65次强对流天气过程进行天气形势配置,得到发生在浙中西的雷暴大风、冰雹、短时强降水及混合性强对流的规律特征。结果如下：（1）浙中西强对流天气出现的大尺度环流有5种基本流型配置：干冷气流型（6.2%）、锋生切变型（13.8%）、暖湿气流型（38.5%）、副高边缘型（30.7%）、台风外围型（10.8%）,并给出了每种概念模型下的主要物理机制和中尺度特征。（2）分析了不同概念模型下典型强对流天气个例,简要归纳出各种流型下的主要系统配置和演变规律,并将抽象的概念模型应用到实际预报分析中。（3）分析不同流型下强对流的阈值范围,如干冷气流型I_w大风指数平均为26.1 m·s^-1,850 hPa与500 hPa温差可达27.5℃,500 hPa相对湿度平均只有15％等,提炼出相似环流形势下不同强天气的主要预报指标,为强对流预报提供量化参考。     

中山市一次大雾天气过程的成因诊断

利用Micaps资料、NCEP再分析资料和中山市紫马岭观测站的逐时整点能见度、气温、相对湿度、风等资料,对2012年2月29日—3月3日发生在中山市的一次平流雾天气过程进行分析,结果为：（1）该次大雾过程是在下垫面温度较低、温度露点差在1℃以下,相对湿度在90％～95％,风速较小等气象条件下形成的;（2）近地面层弱辐合、中低层弱辐散的散度场配置,低层暖湿平流的增湿作用,以及逆温层的存在均为大雾的形成和维持提供了有利条件;（3）冷空气势力减弱,地面开始增温导致逆温层破坏、水汽不饱和使能见度迅速回升,大雾天气结束。