2009—2010年梅雨锋暴雨雨滴谱特征

2009、2010年夏季利用Parsivel激光降水粒子谱仪在淮南和南京同时观测到两次梅雨锋暴雨过程,获得了3 617个雨滴谱样本资料。采用阶矩法对Gamma函数进行拟合,分析了梅雨锋暴雨降水微结构特征。结果表明:主雨带和雨带边缘的雨滴谱存在明显差别,处于主雨带中的降水粒子尺度明显大于雨带边缘的粒子尺度;梅雨锋暴雨过程中0.25 mm<D≤1.0 mm的粒子所占比例最大,但对于雨强贡献最大的则是1.0 mm<D≤2.0 mm的粒子;雨滴谱谱型以双峰型为主,几乎不存在无峰型;与其他微结构特征量不同的是,雨滴谱峰值直径D_p随着雨强的增大先增加后减小,而雨滴谱分布参数N₀、μ、λ则随着雨强的增大而一直减小,其中μ-λ间存在较好的二项式函数关系;梅雨锋暴雨的Z-R关系为Z=212R^1.38。     

污染大气对冻雨过程影响的数值模拟

为了揭示污染大气（气溶胶浓度增加）对于冰冻灾害天气尤其冻雨的影响,利用可分辨云模式（WRF）对2008年1月18—21日中国南方地区一次冰冻灾害天气进行了研究。结果表明：污染气溶胶对此次冰冻天气的区域降水有一定的抑制作用,其中对冻雨的抑制作用更为明显,尤其表现在对较强冻雨过程的抑制作用。微物理过程分析表明,贵阳地区冻雨形成机制表现为过冷云机制（暖云机制）,污染气溶胶使云内云水含量浓度增加,使得冰相粒子撞冻过冷水这一过程进行的更加充分,引起过冷却雨水含量减小,进而导致地面以固态降水为主,抑制了冻雨的产生。     

STUDY ON RADAR-RADIOMETER SYSTEM AND ITS RAINFALL OBSERVATION

In order to improve the accuracy of the rainfall measurement, a radar-radiometer system has been devel-oped. It could be used to measure the distribution of the rainfall intensity aLld the variation of area rainfall.In field experiment, the accuracy of the rainfall measurement was imporved. In this paper, the error of rainfallmeasurement by radar will be evaluated and the methods to improve the accuracy of the rainfall measurementwill be discussed.     

STUDY ON RADAR-RADIOMETER SYSTEM AND ITS RAINFALL OBSERVATION*

In order to improve the accuracy of the rainfall measurement,a radar-radiometer system has been developed.It could be used to measure the distribution of the rainfall intensity aLld the variation of area rainfall.In field experiment,the accuracy of the rainfall measurement was imporved.In this paper,the error of rainfall measurement by radar will be evaluated and the methods to improve the accuracy of the rainfall measurement will be discussed.     

雨滴谱降水现象仪综合测试系统设计

针对目前国内对雨滴谱降水现象自动观测仪常用标定方法存在的问题:只能模拟一种标准的粒子直径和速度;可以测量粒子的直径但是不能准确测量粒子的速度;只能模拟直径较小的粒子;仅能模拟球状降水粒子无法模拟其他形状的降水粒子;无法涵盖各种类型降水的粒子直径和速度等等。根据气象业务需求,本文从模拟降水粒子设计依据、雨滴谱降水现象仪综合测试系统构成、降水粒子直径与下落速度模拟测量方法和测量精度等诸方面详细阐述一种新型的雨滴谱降水现象仪综合测试系统,并通过对涵盖多种类型降水的不同直径和速度的粒子进行模拟试验,检测其测量的精确性,为国内对雨滴谱降水现象自动观测仪的标定和检测提供一定的借鉴和参考。     

Statistical Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distribution in the South China Monsoon Region (Guangdong Province)

While heavy rainfall frequently takes place in southern China during summer monsoon seasons,quantitative precipitation forecast skills are relatively poor.Therefore,detailed knowledge about the raindrop size distribution(DSD)is useful in improving the quantitative precipitation estimation and forecast.Based on the data during 2018-2022 from 86stations in a ground-based optical disdrometer measurement network,the characteristics of the DSD in Guangdong province are investigated in terms of the pa...     

Statistical Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distribution in the Tibetan Plateau and Southern China

The characteristics of raindrop size distribution(DSD) over the Tibetan Plateau and southern China are studied in this paper, using the DSD data from April to August 2014 collected by HSC-PS32 disdrometers in Nagqu and Yangjiang, comprising a total of 9430 and 6366 1-min raindrop spectra, respectively. The raindrop spectra, characteristics of parameter variations with rainfall rate, and the relationships between reflectivity factor(Z) and rainfall rate(R) are analyzed, as well as their DSD changes with precipitation type and rainfall rate. The results show that the average raindrop spectra appear to be one-peak curves, the number concentration for larger drops increase significantly with rainfall rate, and its value over southern China is much higher, especially in convective rain. Standardized Gamma distributions better describe DSD for larger drops, especially for convective rain in southern China. All three Gamma parameters for stratiform precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau are much higher, while its shape parameter(μ) and mass-weighted mean diameter(D_m), for convective precipitation, are less. In terms of parameter variation with rainfall rate, the normalized intercept parameter(N_w) over the Tibetan Plateau for stratiform rain increases with rainfall rate, which is opposite to the situation in convective rain. The μover the Tibetan Plateau for stratiform and convective precipitation types decreases with an increase in rainfall rate, which is opposite to the case for D m variation. In Z–R relationships, like "Z = AR~b", the coefficient A over the Tibetan Plateau is smaller, while its b is higher, when the rain type transfers from stratiform to convective ones. Furthermore, with an increase in rainfall rate, parameters A and b over southern China increase gradually, while A over the Tibetan Plateau decreases substantially, which differs from the findings of previous studies. In terms of geographic location and climate over the Tibetan Plateau and southern China, the precipitation in the pre-flood seasons is dominated by strong convective rain, while weak convective rain occurs frequently in northern Tibet with lower humidity and higher altitude.     

Parsivel与LNM激光雨滴谱仪降水观测的差异

为研究Parsivel与LNM两种激光雨滴谱仪观测性能的差异,通过分析北京南郊观象台试验场地的两台激光雨滴谱仪2014年7—11月(北方雨季条件下123天)的观测数据,并辅以同期的人工观测作为参考标准,将上述两种设备的累积降水量、起止时间、粒子采样信息等采集数据进行对比。分析结果表明:LNM激光雨滴谱仪较Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪的反映时间短,总是提早观测到降水现象的发生。Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪粒子等级信息较为丰富,同一降水过程中,Parsivel输出的粒子直径比LNM大。在降水量方面,两台设备与翻斗雨量计的结果基本一致,但累积降水量大于10mm时,LNM累积降水量的输出值明显大于Parsivel。     

一次基于飞机观测的低槽冷锋云系微物理结构的综合分析

针对2012年9月25日山西一次低槽冷锋层状云,组织有设计的飞机观测,通过斜飞、螺旋、分层探测等方式,实现对云微结构的精细观测,同时结合卫星、雷达、探空等资料进行该云系的综合分析。结果显示:1)本系统为冷暖混合层状云系,云中无明显夹层,云系宏、微观结构均匀、稳定,地面有明显降水。2)冷云区多为固态冰相粒子,以凝华增长为主,过冷水欠缺;小云粒子谱呈指数分布,大云粒子谱呈双峰分布,降水粒子谱呈三峰分布;云中相同高度的不同位置上,粒子谱型、浓度基本一致。3)暖云区大云粒子和降水粒子的谱宽较冷云区变窄,谱型由多峰变为单峰。随高度下降,降水粒子有效直径变大、浓度变小,其垂直分布同雷达回波的垂直剖面相吻合。4)地面降水主要是由冰相粒子增长造成,本次过程冰相粒子充分、过冷水缺乏,因此该层状云引晶催化的潜力较小。     

激光雨滴谱仪测速误差对雨滴谱分布的影响

该文研究PARSIVEL激光雨滴谱仪的测量误差并提出订正方法。对2014年在广东阳江的PARSIVEL激光雨滴谱仪采集的两次降水过程数据进行分析发现,雨滴下落速度V随粒径D变化与静止大气中雨滴下落末速度随粒径变化的Atlas-Ulbrich曲线分布趋势一致,但D < 1 mm及D > 3 mm的速度偏差较大。其主要原因是大粒径雨滴形变造成速度偏离较大,仪器测量误差造成小粒径测速偏大,激光雨滴谱仪所在高度的大气垂直运动影响雨滴下落速度。根据PARSIVEL激光雨滴谱仪测量原理,基于雨滴形变与粒径关系,给出形变订正后的Atlas-Ulbrich修正曲线,并用于对小粒径测速订正。比较订正前后的雨滴谱分布,订正后的小雨滴浓度明显增加,大雨滴浓度略有减小,订正后浓度参数和斜率参数均增加,形状参数变化不明显。