ENSO对平流层气溶胶分布的影响

本文采用ONI(Oceanic Nino Index)和HALOE(Halogen Occultation Experiment)气溶胶面积密度资料,从其滞后相关性入手分析了ENSO循环对平流层气溶胶的影响,通过对滞后于El Nino和La Nina时气溶胶含量的比较探讨了ENSO强迫的影响程度,并用剩余环流及其输送量解释了平流层气溶胶变化的动力机制.结果表明:ENSO对平流层气溶胶的分布有明显影响,在赤道和低纬度上空尤为显著,El Nino发生后半年内热带平流层低层的气溶胶面积密度较平均值偏大,平流层中层的面积密度则偏小,而La Nina反之.El Nino和La Nina影响的差异显著,在分别滞后于El Nino和La Nina事件2~8个月间的60 hPa气溶胶含量差异甚至高达45%,海表温度变化1 K则在滞后半年内气溶胶面积密度的变化可达到16%.ENSO的强烈影响能够维持大约半年,两年后基本消退.热带的变化幅度明显强于中高纬度,南北半球的变化特征也有所不同.ENSO通过影响剩余环流导致气溶胶输送量发生变化,进而引起气溶胶分布出现上述差异.     

海藻硫酸多糖911对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖反应及对细胞产生IL—2作用的影响

本文以~3H—TdR掺入法观察911对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖反应的影响并用CTLL细胞检测了其对IL—2的作用。体外实验结果表明,911对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖反应有明显的增强作用,以0.5μg/ml的浓度效果最为明显,相对增殖指数RPI可达200％;体内实验则以5mg/kg体重ip,连续7d效果最好,相对增殖指数RPI可达176％;911用药组小鼠IL—2的产生量均高于对照组,以5mg/kg和10mg/kg效果最好。以上实验证明,这一多糖是一种有希望的新免疫调节药物。     

离子色谱法测定五氧化二铌和五氧化二钽中痕量氟氯和硫酸根离子的前处理方法

采用马弗炉将样品与NaOH混合进行熔融煅烧，热去离子水提取、离心、稀释后过OnGuard Ⅱ H柱和过滤膜进行前处理，抑制型电导离子色谱法检测，测定了Ta2O5和Nb2O5的氟离子、氯离子和硫酸根离子。该方法对三种被测阴离子的检测限（s／N=3）在0．15～0．70μg／g（以固体样品实际浓度计）或0．136～0．623μg／L（以溶液浓度计），标准曲线线性范围均在两个数量级以上，方法的精密度（RSD，n=7）小于5．46％，回收率为88％～106％，具有灵敏度高、选择性好、重现性佳、对环境友好等特点，用于实际样品的检测，结果令人满意。     

Improvement of a Snow Albedo Parameterization in the Snow–Atmosphere–Soil Transfer Model:Evaluation of Impacts of Aerosol on Seasonal Snow Cover

The presence of light-absorbing aerosols(LAA) in snow profoundly influence the surface energy balance and water budget.However,most snow-process schemes in land-surface and climate models currently do not take this into consideration.To better represent the snow process and to evaluate the impacts of LAA on snow,this study presents an improved snow albedo parameterization in the Snow–Atmosphere–Soil Transfer(SAST) model,which includes the impacts of LAA on snow.Specifically,the Snow,Ice and Aerosol Radiation(SNICAR) model is incorporated into the SAST model with an LAA mass stratigraphy scheme.The new coupled model is validated against in-situ measurements at the Swamp Angel Study Plot(SASP),Colorado,USA.Results show that the snow albedo and snow depth are better reproduced than those in the original SAST,particularly during the period of snow ablation.Furthermore,the impacts of LAA on snow are estimated in the coupled model through case comparisons of the snowpack,with or without LAA.The LAA particles directly absorb extra solar radiation,which accelerates the growth rate of the snow grain size.Meanwhile,these larger snow particles favor more radiative absorption.The average total radiative forcing of the LAA at the SASP is 47.5Wm~(-2).This extra radiative absorption enhances the snowmelt rate.As a result,the peak runoff time and "snow all gone" day have shifted 18 and 19.5 days earlier,respectively,which could further impose substantial impacts on the hydrologic cycle and atmospheric processes.     

EFFECT OF SULPHATE-REDUCING BACTERIA ON ELECTRO-CHEMICAL CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF 16Mn STEEL IN SEA MUD

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＩｔｗａｓｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓｌｙｔｈａｔｔｈｅｃｏｒｒｏｓｉｏｎｏｆｓｔｅｅｌｉｎｓｅａｍｕｄｗａｓｎｏｔｓｅｒｉｏｕｓ.Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,ｉｔｗａｓｌａｔｅｒｆｏｕｎｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｃｏｒｒｏｓｉｏｎｒａｔｅｏｆｓｔｅｅｌｉｎｓｏｍｅｓｅａｍｕｄｗａｓｈｉｇｈｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｉｎｓｅａｗａｔｅｒ(Ｋｉｎｇ,1980;Ｓｅｈｍｉｄｅ,1982;Ｇｕｏｅｔａｌ.,1997;Ｈｏｕ,1998).Ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｓｏｍｅｒｅｐｏｒｔｓｔｈａｔｔｈｅｃｏｒｒｏｓｉｏｎｒ…     

极地冰芯中记录的火山作用及其对气候的影响

大多数火山喷发以强酸 (主要是硫酸 )的形式在极地冰芯中留下痕迹 ,通过冰芯连续电导率 (ECM)或各个雪冰样品SO42 - 浓度测定能够恢复历史上的火山作用。极地冰芯中已知年代的火山喷发还可用于冰芯定年。极地冰芯记录的火山信号大小依赖于火山喷发的规模和类型 ,火山喷发的地理位置和酸性气体组成 ,大气气溶胶传输 ,以及沉降地点的年积累率和沉积后生过程等。单个火山喷发通常会导致数月至数年的半球乃至全球范围的气候相对变冷 (这种现象在极区变得更明显 ) ,但过去大规模的爆炸性火山喷发对气候的影响及其与气候变化之间的联系仍有待于进一步研究     

中国区域气溶胶对东亚夏季风的可能影响(Ⅱ)：黑碳气溶胶及其与硫酸盐气溶胶的综合影响

 利用NCAR的新一代GCM CAM3.0模式耦合一个气溶胶同化系统,研究了中国区域黑碳气溶胶的直接气候效应。结果显示,中国区域黑碳气溶胶引起全球平均辐射强迫为0.13 W/m2,导致除了青藏高原和广西以外的中国大部分地区降温,其中东北、四川和内蒙古中北部降温最显著。由此造成海陆温差缩小,气压差降低,从而总体上使东亚夏季风减弱。但与硫酸盐气溶胶的影响相比,黑碳气溶胶使季风减弱的程度较小,长江中下游地区的降水有所增加。黑碳气溶胶加强了中国东南部地区的对流活动,这与硫酸盐气溶胶的作用相反。同时,探讨了中国区域硫酸盐和黑碳气溶胶的综合直接气候效应。结果表明,硫酸盐和黑碳气溶胶的综合作用与仅有硫酸盐气溶胶的情形十分相似,降水变化的区域也和硫酸盐的保持一致。     

Isotopic Composition of Dissolved Carbonates Meromictic Soda Lake Doroninskoe(Eastern Transbaikalia,Russia)

正1 Introduction Meromictic soda Lake Doroninskoe localized in the intermountain area,filled with continental sediments of the Mesozoic,in the upper basin of the river Amur.Coordinates of its location are N51°14'42"E112°14'40",     

The biogeochemical sulfur cycle in the marine boundary layer over the Northeast Pacific Ocean

The major components of the marine boundary layer biogeochemical sulfur cycle were measured simultaneously onshore and off the coast of Washington State, U.S.A. during May 1987. Seawater dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentrations on the continental shelf were strongly influenced by coastal upwelling. Concentration further offshore were typical of summer values (2.2 nmol/L) at this latitude. Although seawater DMS concentrations were high on the biologically productive continental shelf (2–12 nmol/L), this region had no measurable effect on atmospheric DMS concentrations. Atmospheric DMS concentrations (0.1–12 nmol/m³), however, were extremely dependent upon wind speed and boundary layer height. Although there appeared to be an appreciable input of non-sea-salt sulfate to the marine boundary layer from the free troposphere, the local flux of DMS from the ocean to the atmosphere was sufficient to balance the remainder of the sulfur budget.     

Composition of Kerogen in Kupferschiefer from Southwest Poland

Thirty-seven Kupferschiefer samples from southwestern Poland were analyzed by microscopy, Rock-Eval approach and instrumental neutron activation analysis to understand the geochemical and morphological characteristics of kerogen present in the samples. The analytical results indicate that there are two different types of kerogens. One type was only subjected to thermal alteration processes, and the other was further oxidized after deposition of the sediment.In the oxidized samples migrabitumen was transformed into pyrobitumen. Rock-Eval analyses show a significant decrease in HI values in the oxidized samples and an increase in OI values in relation to the samples that were not influenced by oxidation. Variations in S2 versus Corg contents indicate a change in kerogen from Type II to Type III with progressing oxidation. The presence of pyrobitumen and the depletion of hydrogen in the altered kerogen allow one to conclude that the kerogen was used as hydrogen donor for thermochemical sulfate reduction(TSR).