川东北飞仙关组高含H2S气藏特征与TSR对烃类的消耗作用

四川盆地川东北地区飞仙关组近年来发现了罗家寨、渡口河、铁山坡、普光等多个大、中型气田，它们均以高含硫化氢（H2S在气体组分中占10%~17%，平均为14%）为最显著特征。深入研究后发现，虽然这些大型鲕滩气藏储量规模较大，单井产量高；但是这些气藏充满度普遍偏低（在25%~91%之间），压力系数不高（大部分小于1.2）。从成藏条件来看，该区鲕粒溶蚀孔隙发育，有效储层厚度大，二叠系龙潭组、志留系龙马溪组优质烃源岩十分发育，油气源充沛，而且由断层构成的疏导体系发育，泥岩及膏质岩类组成的盖层封盖性良好，因此气藏的低充满度现象，可能是圈闭中发生过大量烃类的损耗或消耗。由于川东北飞仙关组H2S是烃类和硫酸盐在储层中发生热化学反应（TSR）形成的，气藏中硫化氢含量与压力系数、地层水矿化度、烃类含量等都存在反相关关系，因此飞仙关组高含硫化氢气藏压力系数小、充满度低，很可能是烃类被TSR大量消耗和储集空间增容所致。     

Heavy-metal loadings related to urban contamination in the Kooloonbung Creek catchment,Port Macquarie,New South Wales

Urbanisation and industrial development lead to contamination of estuaries and streams with dispersed loadings of heavy metals and metalloids. Contributions of these elements also occur from natural sources. This study provides baseline geochemical data on the respective natural and anthropogenic inputs of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Sb, Cr, Ni, Mn and S to estuarine, fluvial and wetland sediments, and adjacent soils, in the Kooloonbung Creek catchment that drains the Port Macquarie urban area in north coastal New South Wales. There have been anthropogenic additions of Cu, Pb, Zn and As from dispersed urban sources at Port Macquarie, but they are restricted to the local catchment and do not impact on the adjacent Hastings River estuary. The most contaminated sediments display enrichment factors up to 20 × for Cu and Pb, 9 × for Zn and 5 × for As relative to local background values. However, only one value (for Pb) exceeds National Water Quality Management Strategy interim sediment quality guideline (high) values. On the other hand, sediments and local soils are commonly strongly enriched in Cr, Ni and Mn, reflecting adjacent ultramafic and mafic rock substrate and lateritic regolith. Concentrations of Cr and Ni are commonly well above interim sediment quality guideline (high) values for sediments, but are in mineralogical forms that are not readily bioavailable. Sediment and soil quality guideline values consequently need to recognise natural enrichments and the mineralogical siting of heavy metals. Although dissolved concentrations of heavy metals in stream waters are commonly low, there is evidence for mobility of Cu, Zn, Fe and Al. Parts of the Kooloonbung Creek wetland area lie on sulfidic estuarine sediments (potential acid sulfate soils). Experimental oxidation of uncontaminated and contaminated sulfidic sediments leads to substantial dissolution of heavy metals under acid conditions, with subsequent aquatic mobility. The results warn about disturbance and oxidation of potential acid sulfate soils that have been contaminated by urban and natural heavy-metal sources.     

高钛型高炉渣与硫酸铵焙烧过程中反应产物的变化与形成机理研究

高钛型高炉渣富含TiO₂,是一种重要的矿物资源。为实现其中TiO₂的富集,研究了其与硫酸铵的混合物在焙烧过程中反应产物的变化及形成机理。采用TG-DTA和XRD对高钛型高炉渣与硫酸铵混合物的热效应变化和原料及焙烧产物的物相组成进行了表征。结果表明,高钛型高炉渣主要矿物组成为钙钛矿、透辉石和镁铝尖晶石,其与硫酸铵的混合物在加热过程中存在3个明显的吸热效应,为硫酸铵自身分解反应及与高钛型高炉渣中金属氧化物的反应和所形成的中间产物的分解反应所引起。在较低的焙烧温度下,硫酸铵分解产物为(NH₄)₃H(SO₄)₂,其与钙钛矿和透辉石中的金属氧化物反应可形成CaSO₄;在焙烧温度为300～375℃时,镁铝尖晶石中的Al₂O₃与(NH₄)₂SO₄和(NH₄)₃H(SO₄)₂反应形成(NH₄)₃Al(SO₄)₃;在375～425℃时,(NH₄)₃Al(SO₄)₃与Al₂O₃反应形成NH₄Al(SO₄)₂;焙烧温度升高至500℃时,NH₄Al(SO₄)₂发生分解生成Al₂(SO₄)₃。     

Air masses and aerosols chemical components in the free troposphere at the subtropical northeast atlantic region

The dynamics and the aerosol chemistry of the air masses reaching the free troposphere of the subtropical Northeast Atlantic region during the period 1995–98 have been studied. Seven days backward trajectories were calculated daily with HYSPLIT-4 model for Izaña Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) Observatory (28.3^°N 16.5^°W, 2367 m a.s.l.). These back-trajectories were classified by means of a k-means clustering strategy. The daily air masses have been coded using 16 variables to detect the aerosol load of each one of them. Four clusters were found: Cluster 1, representative of Atlantic oceanic middle troposphere air masses, (OMT), has an average frequency of occurrence of 50.6%. Cluster 2, which includes air masses originated in the African continent (AfD), has been recorded in a 19.8% of time. Cluster 3 represents a mixture at least of two of the next sources: Europe, Africa and Ocean, (EAM), with a frequency of 12.7%. Finally, Cluster 4 includes air masses with a high load of maritime aerosols, (MaA), and it has been detected in a 16.9%. An analysis of four aerosol components: NO₃ ^?, NH₄ ⁺, non-sea-salt-SO₄ ^2?, and mineral dust and its relation with the origin and transport of the air masses have been done. The highest quantities of mineral dust and nss-SO₄ ^2? are linked with African air masses with a mean value of 86.5 and 1.9 μg/m³ respectively. Whereas the highest levels of NO₃ ^?, 1.0 μg/m³, and NH₄ ⁺, 0.4 μg/m³, were obtained for AfD and EAM. The lowest levels were associated with OMT and MaA air masses types: 12.7, 0.6, 0.2, and 0.5 μg/m³ for dust, NO₃ ^?, NH₄ ⁺, and nss-SO₄ ^2? in average for the four studied years. However, it is remarkable that the values of the median for dust are 2.2 and 3.5 μg/m³ in clusters MaA and OMT respectively. Using non-parametric statistical tests the distributions of concentrations in each cluster by year have been compared in order to detect similarities. The results show that the aerosol loads of OMT and MaA air masses are quite similar and the same occurs for AfD and EAM air masses. However, the correlation analysis between the levels of anions and ammonium evidenced important differences among the air mass types. In AfD air masses is clear a low correlation between levels of nss-SO₄ ^2? and NH₄ ⁺ (r ² = 0.08) suggesting that the sulfate speciation was dominated by sulfate species others than ammonium sulfate, such as calcium sulfate. CaSO₄ ?2H₂O (gypsum) is mainly present in the coarse mode, where the radiative effects of sulfate are less important that in the accumulative mode. For OMT air masses is noticeable an important increasing on the correlation between the levels of anions and those of NH₄ ⁺ for the two last years of the study period (1997–1998, r ² = 0.61 –0.85%) with respect to the first ones (1995–1996, r ² = 0.25–0.49%), coinciding with the second strongest ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) event recorded. This behavior indicates a change in the speciation of the aerosol component.     

A Study on Sulfate Optical Properties and Direct Radiative Forcing Using LASG-IAP General Circulation Model

The direct radiative forcing(DRF) of sulfate aerosols depends highly on the atmospheric sulfate loading and the meteorology,both of which undergo strong regional and seasonal variations.Because the optical properties of sulfate aerosols are also sensitive to atmospheric relative humidity,in this study we first examine the scheme for optical properties that considers hydroscopic growth.Next,we investigate the seasonal and regional distributions of sulfate DRF using the sulfate loading simulated from NCAR CAM-Chem together with the meteorology modeled from a spectral atmospheric general circulation model(AGCM) developed by LASG-IAP.The global annual-mean sulfate loading of 3.44 mg m 2 is calculated to yield the DRF of 1.03 and 0.57 W m 2 for clear-sky and all-sky conditions,respectively.However,much larger values occur on regional bases.For example,the maximum all-sky sulfate DRF over Europe,East Asia,and North America can be up to 4.0 W m 2.The strongest all-sky sulfate DRF occurs in the Northern Hemispheric July,with a hemispheric average of 1.26 W m 2.The study results also indicate that the regional DRF are strongly affected by cloud and relative humidity,which vary considerably among the regions during different seasons.This certainly raises the issue that the biases in model-simulated regional meteorology can introduce biases into the sulfate DRF.Hence,the model processes associated with atmospheric humidity and cloud physics should be modified in great depth to improve the simulations of the LASG-IAP AGCM and to reduce the uncertainty of sulfate direct effects on global and regional climate in these simulations.     

Origins of High H_2S-bearing Natural Gas in China

Natural gas containing hydrogen sulphide （H2S） has been found in several petroliferous basins in China, such as the Sichuan Basin, Bohai Bay Basin, Ordos Basin, Tarim Basin, etc. Natural gas with higher HES contents （HES 〉5 % mol.） is mostly distributed in both the gas reservoirs of Dukouhe, Luojiazhai, Puguang and Tieshanpo, which belong to the Triassic Feixianguan Formation in the northeastern Sichuan Basin and those of the Kongdian-Shahejie formations in the northeastern Jinxian Sag of the Jizhong Depression, Bohai Bay Basin. In the Sichuan Basin, the HES contents of natural gas average over 9% and some can be 17 %, while those of the Bohai Bay Basin range from 40 % to 92 %, being then one of the gas reservoirs with the highest H2S contents in the world. Based on detailed observation and sample analysis results of a total 5000 m of core from over 70 wells in the above-mentioned two basins, especially sulfur isotopic analysis of gypsum, brimstone, pyrite and natural gas, also with integrated study of the geochemical characteristics of hydrocarbons, it is thought that the natural gas with high HES contents resulted from thermochemical sulfate reduction （TSR） reactions. Among them, the natural gas in the Feixianguan Formation resulted from TSR reactions participated by hydrocarbon gas, while that in the Zhaolanzhuang of the Jinxian Sag being the product of TSR participated by crude oil. During the consumption process of hydrocarbons due to TSR, the heavy hydrocarbons were apt to react with sulfate, which accordingly resulted in the dry coefficient of natural gas increasing and the carbon isotopes becoming heavier.     

新疆塔木铅锌矿成矿流体特征与矿床成因

新疆塔木铅锌矿赋存于石炭系碳酸盐岩断层破碎带中,矿体和手标本尺度呈现管/脉构造特点。管/脉壁主要由闪锌矿、方铅矿构成,管/脉中心充填白云石Ⅱ,管内可见钡-钾长石微粒,暗示成矿流体淋滤下伏地质体。充填期白云石Ⅱ较第Ⅰ期白云岩化灰岩表现出贫13C、18O的特点,反映成矿过程可能存在贫13C、18O的物质加入。鉴于白云石Ⅱ流体包裹体均一温度为119～191℃、闪锌矿流体包裹体存在CH4、C2H6、H2S气相组分、邻区达木斯乡和什拉甫剖面下石炭统有4个沥青显示点和24个荧光显示点、麦盖提斜坡海相石炭系曲1井、麦3井原油δ13C介于-34‰～-31‰之间及流体包裹体液相组分未见SO42-,可以推测成矿作用与热化学硫酸盐还原(TSR)过程相关。综合上述因素,可以认为新疆塔木铅锌矿为后生的与TSR作用相关的矿床。     

潮汐盐湿地甲烷产生及其对硫酸盐响应研究进展

综述了潮汐盐湿地甲烷产生及其对硫酸盐还原过程响应的最新研究进展。潮汐盐湿地甲烷产生除竞争性底物醋酸和二氧化碳/氢气外,甲胺、三甲胺、甲醇和甲硫氨酸等非竞争性底物同样十分重要;潮汐盐湿地甲烷产生潜力较低;硫酸盐对甲烷产生抑制作用明显;底物、硫酸盐浓度、温度与pH值均对硫酸盐抑制甲烷产生过程产生影响,此外,潮汐、盐分、菌种数量与活性也是影响甲烷产生过程主要因子。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定重晶石矿石中BaSO4和Sr

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定重晶石矿石中Ba、Sr,再将Ba换算成BaSO₄.研究了基体对Sr测定的影响及消除.Ba、Sr相对标准偏差（RSD,n=12）分别为0.74%、3.3%.本方法简便、快速,准确.