Seasonal evaluation of rainfall estimation by four cumulus parameterization schemes and their sensitivity analysis

Sustainable water resources management require scientifically sound information on precipitation, as it plays a key role in hydrological responses in a catchment. In recent years, mesoscale weather models in conjunction with hydrological models have gained great attention as they can provide high‐resolution downscaled weather variables. Many cumulus parameterization schemes (CPSs) have been developed and incorporated into three‐dimensional Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU/NCAR) mesoscale model 5 (MM5). This study has performed a comprehensive evaluation of four CPSs (the Anthes–Kuo, Grell, Betts–Miller and Kain–Fritsch93 schemes) to identify how their inclusion influences the mesoscale model's precipitation estimation capabilities. The study has also compared these four CPSs in terms of variability in rainfall estimation at various horizontal and vertical levels. For this purpose, the MM5 was nested down to resolution of 81 km for Domain 1 (domain span 21 × 81 km) and 3 km for Domain 4 (domain span 16 × 3 km), respectively, with vertical resolutions at 23, 40 and 53 vertical levels. The study was carried out at the Brue catchment in Southwest England using both the ERA‐40 reanalysis data and the land‐based observation data. The performances of four CPs were evaluated in terms of their ability to simulate the amount of cumulative rainfall in 4 months in 1995 representing the four seasonal months, namely, January (winter), March (spring), July (summer) and October (autumn). It is observed that the Anthes–Kuo scheme has produced inferior precipitation values during spring and autumn seasons while simulations during winter and summer were consistently good. The Betts–Miller scheme has produced some reasonable results, particularly at the small‐scale domain (3 km grid size) during winter and summer. The KF2 scheme was the best scheme for the larger‐scale (81 km grid size) domain during winter season at both 23 and 53 vertical levels. This scheme tended to underestimate rainfall for other seasons including the small‐scale domain (3 km grid size) in the mesoscale. The Grell scheme was the best scheme in simulating rainfall rates, and was found to be superior to other three schemes with consistently better results in all four seasons and in different domain scales. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Abrupt behaviours of streamflow and sediment load variations of the Yangtze River basin,China

Monthly sediment load and streamflow series spanning 1963–2004 from four hydrological stations situation in the main stem of the Yangtze River, China, are analysed using scanning t‐test and the simple two‐phase linear regression scheme. Results indicate significant changes in the sediment load and streamflow from the upper reach to the lower reach of the Yangtze River. Relatively consistent positive coherency relations can be detected between streamflow and sediment load in the upper reach and negative coherency in the middle and lower reaches. Interestingly, negative coherency is found mainly for larger time scales. Changes in sediment load are the result mainly of human influence; specifically, the construction of water reservoirs may be the major cause of negative coherency. Accentuating the human influence from the upper to the lower reach results in inconsistent correlations between sediment load and streamflow. Decreasing sediment load being observed in recent years has the potential to alter the topographical properties of the river channel and the consequent development and recession of the Yangtze Delta. Results of this study are of practical significance for river channel management and evaluation of the influence of human activities on the hydrological regimes of large rivers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

丹霞风景名胜区的旅游开发研究

本文以丹霞地貌、区域文化开发、景观美学、景观资源的保护和利用、旅游业开发等专题研究及区域旅游发展战略理论研究为基础,与风景旅游规划相结合,研究了自然景观和人文景观、景观资源综合评价和旅游开发总体规划等问题。据此研究成果上报,该风景区已被批准为第二批国家重点风景名胜区。     

Some remarks on cumulus parameterization

A simple parameterization of cumulonimbus convective heating is presented. The model is primarily based on preserving a moisture budget and on detraining cloud air at levels corresponding to the neutral buoyancy of the air converged at low levels. Results are compared with data from the western Pacific and GATE. Agreement is good. Suggestions are offered for improving the model and extending it to other regions.     

勘探工程地质统计信息法

勘探工程地质统计信息法试图运用定量评价准则研究勘探工程,而定量评价准则是建立在矿体数学模型基础上。本文在最优勘探方案和最优工程位置选择方面作了一些研究。     

东秦岭寒武纪构造古地理概况

本文提出寒武纪以商丹断裂带为界,东秦岭地区北部属中朝板块南部陆缘区,为主动大陆边缘,以双列岛弧为特征;中部和南部属杨子板块北部陆缘区,由两隆(大陆区北缘和中秦岭微板块)—凹(南秦岭盆地)组成,为被动大陆边缘。     

云和辐射 （II）:环流模式中的云和云辐射参数化

这一部分论述了在环流模式中应用的各种云参数化和云辐射参数化方案。云参数化分为云的诊断和预报二大类，云辐射参数化则包活云光学性质的参数化和云整体辐射性质（反射率、透过率、吸收率和发射率）的参数化。     

福建省东部火山岩地区银矿成矿地质条件及找矿方向

通过对该区银矿床地质特征、成矿地质条件和成矿规律的研究，将区内银矿按成因、成矿作用、矿床地质特征等划分为三类六型。指出了火山－次火山热液型银矿是本区银矿的重要类型。总结了银矿的找矿标志，提出了本区银矿的主攻类型和主攻地区。