2019-2020冬季北半球超强极涡事件

2019-2020冬季北极平流层极涡异常并且持续的偏强,偏冷.利用NCEP再数据和OMI臭氧数据,本文分析了此次强极涡事件中平流层极涡的动力场演变及其对地面暖冬天气和臭氧低值的影响.此次强极涡的形成是由于上传行星波不活跃.持续的强极涡使得2020年春季的最后增温出现时间偏晚.平流层正NAM指数向下传播到地面,与地面AO...     

空气污染-气候相互作用:IPCC AR6的结论解读

本文解读最近发布的政府间气候变化专门委员会（Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,IPCC）第六次气候变化评估报告（Sixth Assessment Report,AR6）关于空气污染-气候相互作用的主要新结论。在大气污染物的气候效应方面,AR6估算了大气污染物或其前体物排放变化导致的有效辐射强迫值（Effective Radiative Forcing,ERF）,对评估大气污染治理可能产生的气候效应具有启示性意义。AR6也估算出1750—2019年间人为强迫导致的全球平均地表温度（Global mean Surface Air Temperature,GSAT）变化为1.29（0.99～1.65）℃,其中,均匀混合温室气体、臭氧、气溶胶导致的温度变化分别为1.58（1.17～2.17）℃、0.23（0.11～0.39）℃、-0.50（-0.22～-0.96）℃。气溶胶历史变化的气候效应中,起决定性作用的是由SO₂排放变化通过气溶胶-云相互作用所产生的ERF （高信度）,从而部分抵消了人为排放温室气体所引起的变暖（高信度）。在气候变化影响大气污染物方面,AR6首次评估获得了地表臭氧浓度对温度的敏感性,在偏远地区为-0.2 ～-2 nL·L^-1·℃^-1、在污染区为0.2 ～2 nL·L^-1·℃^-1。在大多数陆地区域,关于气候变化是增加还是减少PM_2.5,目前模式结果结论的一致性较低。     

IMPACTS OF OZONE CONCENTRATION CHANGES ON CROPS AND VEGETABLES IN CHINA

The controlled simulation experiments revealed that ozone concentration increases cause various degrees of injury to leaves of crop and vegetable.The injury to vegetables is greater than that to crops.Ozone can dramatically affect stomatal conductance,photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate,and consequently the yield of crops.No matter how long exposure time was, stomatal conductance increased and photosynthetic and transpiration rates decreased with increases in ozone concentration.When ozone concentration was 100 nmol/mol,yields of rice and winter wheat declined by 27.1% and 60.5% respectively.When up to 200 nmol/mol,there was a significant reduction of yields:a decline up to 33.7% for rice and 81.3% for winter wheat.On the other hand,ozone benefits the improvement of grain quality such as amino acid and protein.     

南极春季臭氧的TOVS反演及其与BREWER观测的比较

通过改进臭氧的统计反演算法，从NOAA卫星的TOVS资料中提取了1993年南极臭氧洞期间中山站上空大气臭氧含量的资料。本文的结果与NOAA的TOVS臭氧产品以及中山站的Brewer观测进行了比较。尽管3种资料对在臭氧洞期间臭氧含量的显著减少这一特征上相当一致，但此项结果相对于Brewer观测，其均方根误差29 DU，优于NOAA的业务反演产品。此外，还初步讨论了这两种反演的误差特征。     

中国区域大气本底站近地面臭氧来源贡献及区域代表性

回顾了关于长距离输送对中国区域本底大气臭氧的影响,以及中国区域大气本底站臭氧变化及其区域代表性两方面的研究进展。来自不同污染源区O₃的长距离输送对中国区域O₃影响的研究结果分歧较大,贡献最显著的源区和受体地区也存在争议;同时,鲜有研究考虑到平流层对对流层的O₃贡献,而这部分贡献在前体物排放很少的本底地区非常重要。中国区域各大气本底观测站分别与其周围一定范围内的区域具有相同的对流层O₃柱浓度最大值月份分布,而对与人体健康密切相关的近地面O₃区域特征的分析尚未深入开展;鉴于研究方法的局限性,也尚未深入揭示形成O₃变化区域特征的复杂成因。基于现有研究进展和不足之处,如何利用全球大气化学-环流模式的示踪模拟结果,定量评估来自全球不同地区的O₃对中国本底大气O₃的影响,并进一步评估中国区域6个大气本底站近地面O₃季节变化的区域代表性,是亟待解决的科学问题。     

The Effect of Temperature and Humidity on the Reaction of Ozone with Combustion Soot: Implications for Reactivity near the Tropopause

The effect of temperature (296–238 K) on the reaction of combustion soot (n-hexane) with ozone at low concentration (6–8 ppm) has been measured. Long optical path FTIR spectroscopy has revealed the rate law for ozone loss beyond initial stages, second order in O₃, to be the same over this range of conditions. The reaction rate is 3.5 times lower at 238 K than at 296 K, and reveals an activation energy of 12.9 ± 0.5 kJ mol^–1. The effect of humidity on the reaction has been estimated using its recently determined rate law dependence (p^0.2). These data, differing from O₃ reaction kinetics obtained from other types of carbonaceous particles used as surrogates for atmospheric soot, have implications for the role of combustion soot in atmospheric chemistry. Any involvement of aircraft soot in ozone depletion near the tropopause, for example, should be estimated using these temperature and humidity dependences.     

北京市夏季臭氧变化特征的观测研究

利用2002年7月至8月325m气象塔资料研究了北京市夏季近地层臭氧浓度变化特征及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明：北京市夏季边界层臭氧浓度日变化显著．臭氧浓度随高度增加而增加；臭氧多数为单峰型分布，双峰型仅分布在底层；臭氧峰值出现时间与气温峰值出现时间基本一致，或略有落后。     

MEASUREMENTS AND MODEL SIMULATIONS OF SURFACE OZONE VARIATIONS AT DIFFERENT BACKGROUND CONCENTRATIONS OF THE PRECURSORS*

Ozone photochemical production and loss in very different environments at Waliguan baseline station and Lin'an background station were simulated by using the measurement data and photochemical box model.The results show that net ozone photochemical production rate is negative,about 0.5 ppb/d,at Waliguan baseline sation,because of very low precursor concentrations.But at Lin'an background station,the net photochemical ozone production is positive,about 2-3 ppb/h.which is very closed with the measurement at Lin'an.That means ozone production was controlled by photochemical reactions at Lin'an background station,because of the higher precursor concentrations.The net destruction rate,at Waliguan Mt.,is not large,so that future increase in anthropogenic emission of reactive nitrogen will lead to larger production rates of steady-state O₃ concentration.     

2020年新冠肺炎疫情管控期江苏省大气污染物浓度变化特征

利用江苏省大气环境监测站点的大气污染物监测数据,分析了2020年初新冠肺炎疫情管控期间(2—3月)主要大气污染物浓度的变化特征。结果显示,相比于2019、2020年疫情管控期间PM_2.5、PM₁₀、NO₂、SO₂、CO浓度的全省平均降幅分别为37.5%、36.9%、31.9%、28.2%和21.2%。严格管控期的2月和生产恢复期的3月,江苏省十三市PM_2.5、PM₁₀浓度同比降幅大致相当,呈现出较好的时间连续性和空间均匀性。但各市臭氧浓度同比变化呈现出较大的时空差异。空间上,沿江以南城市南京、无锡、常州、苏州和镇江五市臭氧浓度明显上升,而其他城市臭氧浓度以下降为主;时间上,2月南京等九市臭氧浓度上升,3月徐州等八市臭氧浓度持平或者下降。假设未发生新冠肺炎疫情以及未采取为阻断疫情蔓延而实施的种种举措,在仅考虑近年来大气污染防治政策持续实施的情况下,与预期降幅相比,疫情管控对NO₂实况浓度降幅的影响最大,其次是PM_2.5