近30a北极平流层臭氧的季节和年际变化特征

综合利用1978-2011年TOMS（Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer）和OMI（Ozone Monitoring Instrument）臭氧总量资料,MLS（Microwave Limb Sounder）臭氧廓线资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析气象场资料,对比研究了近30a南北极臭氧总量的年际变化和季节变化差异,重点分析了2010/2011年冬末春初北极臭氧出现的异常损耗现象,探讨北极春季臭氧低值产生的原因。结果表明：与南极地区一年四季都保持一个臭氧低值中心明显不同,北极臭氧总量的减少则是伴随着整个春夏季（4-8月）,在秋季（10月）达到最低值,冬季（11月-次年2月）北极臭氧快速恢复,这主要是由于南北半球极地地区环流差异和温度差异造成的。南北两极年均O3总量呈下降趋势,两极地区O3总量年际变化最大的季节是春季。近30a,北极在1997和2011年春季（3-4月）分别达到极低值355DU和361DU,但近年来两极臭氧年际变化趋势不明显。2011年春季,北极地区出现的较严重臭氧低值现象从3月中旬至4月中旬持续了近1个月,2010/2011年冬春季平流层低温和臭氧低值对应关系很好。     

Atmospheric Circulation Changes in Response to an Observed Stratospheric Zonal Ozone Anomaly

Abstract

In a sensitivity study, the influence of an observed stratospheric zonal ozone anomaly on the atmospheric circulation was investigated using the Fifth Generation European Centre Hamburg Model (ECHAM5) which is a general circulation model. The model was run from 1960 to 1999 (40 years) with a mean seasonal cycle of zonally symmetric ozone. In order to isolate the induced dynamical influence of the observed zonally asymmetric part of the three-dimensional stratospheric ozone, a second run was performed for the boreal extratropics using prescribed monthly means from the 40-year reanalysis dataset from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ERA-40). The main findings are the interdecadal westward shift of the polar vortex at about 65°N and a significant increase in the number of stratospheric sudden warmings during the 1980–99 period. Under the action of zonally asymmetric ozone a decrease in the Arctic Oscillation was identified between the mid-1980s and the mid-1990s. The lag correlation between the mean Arctic Oscillation at the surface and the daily stratospheric northern annular mode increased in mid-winter. Furthermore, we examined the influence of the stratospheric zonal ozone anomaly on Rossby wave breaking in the upper troposphere and found a significant westward shift of poleward Rossby wave breaking events over western Europe in the winter. By this we show that the stratospheric zonal ozone anomaly has a strong influence on the tropospheric circulation as a result of enhanced dynamical coupling processes.     

NO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> change over China and its influences

A 3-D chemical transport model (OSLO CTM2) is used to investigate the impact of the increase of NOx emission over China. The model is capable to reproduce basically the seasonal variation of surface NOx and ozone over eastern China. NOx emission data and observations reveal that NOx over eastern China increases quite quickly with the economic development of China. Model results indicate that NOx concentration over eastern China increasingly rises with the increase of NOx emission over China, and accelerates to increase in winter. When the NOx emission increases from 1995 to its double, the ratio of NO2/NOx abruptly drops in winter over northern China. Ozone at the surface decreases in winter with the continual enhancement of the NOx level over eastern China, but increases over southern China in summertime. It is noticeable that peak ozone over northern China increases in summer although mean ozone changes little. In summer, ozone increases in the free troposphere dominantly below 500 hPa.Moreover, the increases of total ozone over eastern China are proportional to the increases of NOx emission.In a word, the model results suggest that the relationship between NOx and ozone at the surface would change with NOx increase.     

深对流云向平流层的水汽垂直输送问题研究进展

水汽是一种比CO₂温室效应更强的温室气体,在平流层中为光化学反应提供氢氧自由基,凝结成冰晶后还能为臭氧的消耗提供非均相化学反应界面,从而加速臭氧的消耗,因而对气候有重要影响.深对流云对水汽的垂直输送是平流层水汽的重要来源之一,因此研究深对流云向平流层的水汽输送可以为研究气候变化提供参考.回顾了近年来关于深对流云向平流层的水汽垂直输送问题的研究进展,包括水汽垂直输送到平流层的证据、穿透性深对流云的识别方法、水汽被深对流云垂直输送到平流层的机理以及穿透性深对流云对平流层湿度作用的影响因子4个方面,并进行了小结和展望.     

Identification and Apportionment of Sources of Ozone‐forming Potential for Proper Reduction Strategies

In this study, results of source identification and apportionment for ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from a previous work were used to estimate ozone‐forming potentials (OFPs) of effective sources for developing proper strategies for reduction of tropospheric ozone pollution. The source identification and apportionment of ambient VOC pollution within Yildiz Technical University's Davutpasa Campus (Istanbul, Turkey) was done by positive matrix factorization (PMF). The results suggested five effective source groups with the emissions related with paint use and solvent use having the highest contributions (36.8 and 28.2%). The results from PMF were used along with maximum incremental reactivities to estimate potentials of individual sources for ozone formation. It was found that biogenic emissions (3.78) and traffic related emissions (gasoline and diesel vehicle exhaust) (3.83 and 3.15, respectively) have the highest potential for ozone formation in terms of grams O₃/g VOC emitted. The results were used to suggest proper source‐based reduction strategies for OFP.     

A critical analysis of the concept of planetary wave breaking

The concept of planetary wave breaking (McIntyre andPalmer, 1983; 1984) is critically reviewed. It is concluded that the wave breaking signature is not unique to any particular dynamic event in the stratosphere. Therefore, the classification of stratospheric transport events, such as wave breaking, groups fundamentally different events together. Better qualification of the wave breaking signature and a more solid theoretical basis of planetary wave breaking must be presented if the concept is to be of significant utility in describing stratospheric tracer transport.     

大气臭氧总量的经验计算方法

依据臭氧生消与紫外辐射(UV)能量利用相互作用的观点,考虑与臭氧有关的主要因子UV、大气中物质在化学和光化学反应中对UV能量的吸收、气溶胶粒子的散射等,在分析1990—1992年臭氧总量、太阳辐射、气象资料的基础上,建立了计算臭氧总量的经验模式,其优点是所用资料均可由常规气象站获得。结果表明,计算值与观测值符合得比较好。利用该经验模式计算了北京地区1979年1月—1996年6月的臭氧总量,计算值与观测值同样比较一致,二者相对偏差的最大值、最小值、平均值分别为15.2%、0.05%和4.9%,相对偏差在±10%之内的比例为91.4%,因而该经验模式是合理、可行的。1991年之后北京地区臭氧的下降与Pinatubo火山气溶胶的影响有关。     

云顶以下臭氧对TOMS反演臭氧总量的影响及反演方法的理论研究

目前紫外后向散射反演臭氧总量的所有算法,都将云考虑成不透明的Lambertian反射体,并假定云顶有效反照率不随波长的变化而变化.然而本文通过模拟计算发现,由于云散射、瑞利散射、臭氧吸收三种作用的综合结果,云顶的有效反照率是与波长相关的,即使光学厚度比较大的云,辐射也可由云顶继续向下传输,因而会受到云顶以下臭氧吸收的影响.用V7方法进行反演,模拟计算结果表明：云的出现使得云顶以下,特别是云内光程增强,导致紫外波段的臭氧吸收衰减增大,所以反演出的臭氧总量值比真实值偏大,本文称这种现象为“云吸收效应”,并讨论了该效应的影响因子.最后,在辐射传输模拟的基础上建立一套反演算法,大大减弱了“云吸收效应”的影响.     

河北沧州市臭氧质量浓度与气象因子的关系分析

利用2014—2020年河北沧州逐小时气象与环境监测数据,对沧州市臭氧(O₃)污染加剧现状及其与气象因子的关系进行分析。结果表明：(1)沧州地区O₃污染呈加剧态势,且O₃已上升为该地区首要污染物;O₃污染集中出现在5—9月,O₃质量浓度日变化呈单峰单谷型,最大浓度出现在16:00前后;(2)5—9月O₃日最大8 h平均质量浓度(简称“O₃-8 h”)所处时段,平均气温、最高气温、相对湿度、总辐射辐照度与O₃质量浓度的相关性较好,本站气压、水汽压和平均风速与O₃质量浓度的相关性未通过显著性检验;(3)5—9月O₃-8 h时段,当同时满足8 h平均气温高于30.9℃、最高气温高于32.7℃、平均相对湿度低于42.1%、平均总辐射辐照度高于505.8 W·m^-2时,出现O₃污染的概率达84%;(4)气象因子不是O₃     

Changes to the Surface Level Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation Due to Haze Perturbation

The South-East Asian region experienced a haze episode in 1994 which was widely believed to be due to widespread forest fires in Sumatra and Kalimantan (Indonesia). Broadband measurements of the surface level solar ultraviolet-B, UV-A and Global radiation at Penang (Malaysia) are used to study the effect of the 1994 haze on effective UV-B irradiance. We find that during the haze episode, there is enhanced absorption of surface level UV-B radiation. The effect of haze on UV-A and Global radiation is much less. The reduction in absolute noon time UV-B irradiance (mostly cloud free) during the 1994 haze period was 23% relative to the UV-B irradiance during thecorresponding haze-free period in 1995. Even though the noon time radiation data minimizes the cloud effect in the results presented some cloud effect is still present.