XLS-Ⅱ型系留气艇探测系统

简单描述了系留气艇运动的基本力学原理，较详细地介绍了国产XLS-Ⅱ型系留气艇探测系统的基本组成、结构和主要技术指标。系统的绞车重36kg，电机功率600W，拉线最大拉力为175kg。与系统配套的有气象要素、大气臭氧和大气气溶胶等探测单元。给出了主要气象和某些环境要素的探测精度和应用实例并简单讨论了系留气艇探测系统在实际应用的某些问题。     

国产臭氧探空仪观测数据质量分析

对国产臭氧探空仪从2001年4月到2004年9月在北京观测的臭氧垂直分布数据的质量进行分析。对国产臭氧探空仪系统基本测量数据(包括电化学反应池池温、臭氧最大分压及其所在的高度、对流层顶的温度和高度)进行初步分析, 结果发现国产臭氧探空仪的稳定性仍需进一步提高。与地面多谱森臭氧总量观测相比, 国产臭氧探空积分的总量普遍要高,2002年至2003年之间的差别范围基本上保持在±20%以内。与国际普遍使用的双池型电化学(ECC型)臭氧探空观测结果相比, 国产臭氧探空观测臭氧分压在15 km以下、25～30km两个高度范围, 均要高于ECC测值。分析结果建议国产臭氧探空仪应尽快参与由全球大气本底监测(GAW)技术主持的世界臭氧探空仪标定中心进行标定, 并在现有的技术条件下, 向双池型电化学型臭氧探空仪这一方向发展     

北京秋季地面O3的一维模式模拟研究

用一维光化学模式,基本模拟出静稳天气条件下2001年9月9日北京几个主要大气污染物种:O3、NO、NO2、CO以及SO2的日变化特点,并解释了影响O3及NO、NO2、CO和SO2日变化的控制因子作用。初步分析认为,地面O3对非甲烷碳氢化合物(NMHC)的变化很敏感。NMHC的增加或减少,将会造成O3的明显改变。造成9月9日夜间20:00~23:00一次污染物NO、CO和SO2浓度急剧升高的原因是由于夜间大气层结稳定情况下,大气的垂直扩散减弱,污染物在底层积累造成的。由于实际大气中,影响O3生成和损耗的机制很复杂,同时大气的平流输送是影响O3及其他污染物分布的重要因素,用一维模式虽然能够揭示出影响O3变化的几个因子的作用,但要深入分析O3产生和消耗机制,还需要用三维模式。     

Sampling of Chemical Constituents in Electrically Active Convective Systems: Results and Cautions

On flights of a P3-B turboprop and a WB-57F jet aircraft within thunderstorm systems, short term spikes (1–2 sec or less in duration) in NO and O₃ were recorded and are attributed to hot or cold discharges occurring on the aircraft fuselage or air sampling inlets. One such spike of only ∼300 msec duration reached 325 ppbv of NO on the flight of the jet aircraft while at 13.8 km altitude. In a lightning flash to the P3-B aircraft, production of NO (expected) and NO₂ (unexpected) were directly observed. The NO production was ∼ 1.7 x 10²² molecules/m of flash length. In the P3-B flight at 5.5 km altitude and over a distance of ∼ 275 km within a highly electrically active thunderstorm complex in the equatorial central Pacific Ocean, there was no evidence of production of O₃ or CO by lightning flashes or by any type of hot or cold discharge involved in the development of free-air lightning flashes.     

光化学臭氧日变化特征与其前体物关系的探讨

应用大气光化学模式研究了日最大臭氧体积分数及其出现时刻与其前体物NMHC、NOx体积分数及NMHC／NOx比值的关系。结果表明，影响日最大臭氧体积分数（ψ03max）脊线位置（EKMA图，Empirical Kinetic Modeling Approach）的关键因子是NMHC成份组成比例；日臭氧体积分数达到最大值需要的时间（τ03max）与NMHC／NOx比值及NMHC成份组成比例有关，与NMHC、NOx体积分数关系不大。此外，利用该结果解释了近20a北京日最大臭氧体积分数出现时刻具有不断提前的变化趋势的原因。     

北极臭氧垂直分布和天气尺度变化的观测研究

北极地区臭氧对北极气候和环境系统起着重要作用。研究其分布和变化有助于了解北极的气候和环境及其对全球气候系统的影响,有助于气候和环境变化的数值预报。中国北极科学探测1999在北冰洋楚可奇海域成功的进行了大气臭氧观测。通过在中国“雪龙”号破冰船甲板上（于1999年8月18-24日在75°N,160°W附近处）释放大气臭氧探空仪获得了高分辨率的大气垂直结构和臭氧分布资料,可以进行大气尺度的大气臭氧变化研究。分析大气监测资料、TOMS臭氧总量资料和NCEP大气环流资料表明,大气臭氧总量随着对流层顶的低一高一低变化呈高一低一高的变化过程。研究还表明,大气柱的臭氧总量与13公里以下的大气臭氧含量关系密切,而在约20公里处的大气臭氧浓度最大值的变化与整个气柱臭氧的关系不大。500 hPa天气形势图上一个弱一强一弱的西南天气型造成的弱臭氧平流可能是这次臭氧变化的主要原因。     

DUAL-DIAL:A PAIR OF WAVELENGTHS FOR HIGH PRECISE MEASUREMENTS OF OZONE*

In this paper the effects of aerosol on tropospheric ozone measurements by three-wavelength (266-289-308nm) dual differential absorption lidar (DIAL) and two-wavelength (266-289 nm and 266-308 nm) DIAL are simulated.By using the two kinds of DIAL.vertical profiles of ozone density from 2 to 3.6 km altitude range are measured.Both simulation and observation results show that the three-wavelength dual-DIAL method is more effective to reduce the effects of aerosol than the two-wavelength DIAL method.Therefore,accurate ozone density distributions can be retrieved by the three wavelength dual DIAL method.     

火山气溶胶对北京地区臭氧总量变化趋势的影响

分析了1979～1995年北京地区臭氧总量的变化趋势、1980～1994年整层气溶胶光学厚度和1981～1985、1990～1994年平流层气溶胶光学厚度。分析依据的数据资料来自Dobson仪器所观测的臭氧总量资料和太阳辐射表提供的气溶胶光学厚度资料。结果表明,1979～1995年期间北京地区臭氧总量年变化率为-0.269%,1982～1985、1991～1994年间臭氧总量年变化率分别高达-0.954%和-1.439%。这说明厄尔奇琼火山和皮纳图博火山爆发对臭氧总量减少可能起到重要作用。     

HNO3 and PSC Measurements from the Transall: Sequestering of HNO3 in the Winter of 1994/95

In the winter of 1994/95 the TRANSALL research aircraft performed several flights in the region of the Arctic vortex during the period of low stratospheric temperatures. The results of simultaneous measurements of HNO3 column amounts by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) and of aerosol backscatter profiles by the Ozone Lidar EXperiment (OLEX) are presented for two typical flight scenarios across the polar vortex boundary on December 17, 1994 and January 11/12, 1995. On December 17 and January 12, the column amounts of gaseous HNO3 decreased significantly in regions with low stratospheric temperatures. This decrease was correlated with the extent of the polar stratospheric clouds. Depolarisation measurements showed that type Ib PSCs were observed primarily, but equilibrium calculations for H2SO4/HNO3/H2O aerosols seem to underestimate the observed HNO3 sequestering.     

Gaseous and Particulate Oxidized and Reduced Nitrogen Species in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer in Scandinavia in Spring

Observations of the concentration of several nitrogen containing compounds at five rural Scandinavian sites during March–June 1993 are reported. Total nitrate (NO ₃ ^- + HNO₃) and total ammonium (NH ₄ ⁺ + NH₃) were measured by denuder and filter pack. In general the methods agree well. At all sites the particulate fraction dominated, with the largest fraction of NO ₃ ^- and the lowest of NH ₄ ⁺ at the sites which were closest to the emission sources. The fraction of NO ₃ ^- of total nitrate increased with increasing NO₂ concentrations, indicating that the nighttime conversion of NO₂ to NO ₃ ^- is an important route of formation for NO ₃ ^- . A positive correlation was found between HNO₃ and O₃ in June at all sites, while no correlation was found early in the spring. Model calculations were made with a lagrangian boundary layer photooxidant model for the whole period, and compared to the measured concentrations. The calculated ratio between mean observed and modelled daily maximum concentrations of ozone over the measurement period were within +/–10% at all sites. The models ability to describe the daily ozone maximum concentration was satisfactory with an average deviation of 19–22% from the observed concentrations. HNO₃ was underestimated by over 50% at all sites except the one closest to the emission sources. The correlation between modelled and observed concentrations was generally best for the sites with shortest transport distance from the sources of emission.