Stabilization of swelling clays by Mg(OH)2. Factors affecting hydroxy-Mg-interlayering in swelling clays

The damage caused to structures and other human endeavours, on or in the ground, by swelling clay soils is considered as a natural hazard. In order to mitigate this hazard an attempt was made to stabilize the swelling clay mineral structure by the addition of Mg(OH)₂. This will turn the swelling minerals, like montmorillonite, into non-swelling ones, e.g., chloride. Accordingly, the various factors affecting the precipitation-adsorption of the Mg-hydroxide by clays, was investigated, and the conditions giving the best results were established. The factors examined were: the base used as precipitant (NH₄OH and NaOH); the preparation of the precipitate, inside or outside the clay suspension; the sequence and the duration of the reagents addition; the OH/Mg ratio; the time of clay-chemical contact; and the drying time and temperature. The method, was applied to different clay minerals (swelling and non-swelling). The material produced after the Mg-hydroxide precipitation was examined by the methylene blue dye adsorption test, XRD, DTA and DTGA methods; the results were treated statistically by factorial analysis. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the factors affecting the Mg-hydroxide adsorption by clays are: the base used as a precipitant, the preparation of the hydroxide directly inside or outside the clay suspension, the drying temperature, and the rate of titration of the reagents. Therefore, the best conditions for the laboratory preparation of hydroxy-Mg-interlayers are a dilute (1–2%) and well-dispersed clay suspension, pH between 10–12; some 12 meq Mg²⁺, as Mg-salt (e.g., MgCl₂) per gram of clay, added before the base and followed by the dropwise titration of 1–2 N NaOH solution into the clay suspension, to give a molar ratio OH/Mg of about 1.5; vigorous agitation of the suspension during titration of the reagents; centrifugation and decantation of the supernatant liquid, and drying the product at about 250°C. Satisfactory results are also obtained with the fast titration of the base and drying at 105°C to complete dryness.     

压实度对铁盐稳定化砷、锑污染土特性的影响及机制研究

压实度是影响铁盐稳定化砷(As)、锑(Sb)污染土环境岩土工程特性的主要因素之一。通过测定不同压实度铁盐稳定剂(PFSC)稳定化As、Sb污染土无侧限抗压强度(UCS)、As和Sb浸出浓度、渗透系数kw,研究了压实度对PFSC稳定化As、Sb污染土环境岩土工程特性的影响规律。通过工业CT扫描、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)明确了稳定化土微观孔隙特征、元素价态随压实度的变化规律。As的浸出浓度随着压实度的提高先降低后略微上升,压实度为93%时,As的浸出浓度最低;Sb的浸出浓度随着压实度的提高而降低,压实度大于85%后趋于平稳。压实度由75%提高至96%,稳定化土UCS由4.26 kPa增大至43.78 kPa。压实度由80%提高至96%,稳定化土k_w由1.33×10^–7 m/s降低至2.81×10^–9 m/s。工业CT扫描结果表明,随着压实度的提高,土体逐渐紧实,土体孔隙度由7.54%降低至5.30%。As、Sb和Fe的XPS分析结果表明,压实度增高促使As(Ⅴ)、Sb(Ⅴ)和Fe(Ⅲ)分别向As(Ⅲ)、Sb(Ⅲ)和Fe(Ⅱ...     

磷酸镁水泥固化铅污染土的力学特性试验研究及微观机制

采用磷酸镁水泥（MPC）对铅污染土进行固化/稳定化处理。基于无侧限抗压强度试验和渗透试验,研究了MPC添加量、水土比对固化污染土强度及渗透特性的影响规律。结果表明,固化土的强度随MPC添加量增加而增大,渗透系数减小;水土比对固化土的强度及渗透特性的影响均存在临界值,为0.45。低于临界值时,固化土的强度随着水土比的增加而增加,渗透系数随着水土比的增加而减小。压汞试验（MTP）结果表明,随MPC添加量的增大,固化土孔隙体积减小,水土比不超过临界值时,固化土孔隙体积随着水土比的增大而减小。扫描电镜试验结果表明,随着MPC添加量的增加,土颗粒团聚化越明显,胶结程度加强;水土比不超过临界值时,土颗粒团聚体增多。镁钾磷酸盐晶体（MKP）主要通过减少孔径大于1 ?m的孔隙体积来影响固化土的强度和渗透特性。     

中国2050年的能源需求与CO2排放情景

利用国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所能源环境综合政策评价模型（IPAC模型）,对中国未来中长期的能源需求与CO2排放情景进行了分析,对该情景的主要参数和结果进行了介绍,并对模型中的政策评价进行了介绍。同时报告了实现减排所需的技术。结果显示：未来中国经济将快速增长,能源需求和相应的CO2排放也将明显快速增加,与2005年相比,2030年能源需求可能增加1.4倍,2050年可能增加1.9倍。但中国也有较大的机会在2020年之后将能源需求量的增加幅度明显减小,将CO2排放控制住,使之不再出现明显增长,甚至有可能在2030年之后下降。     

水泥固化铅污染土的基本应力-应变特性研究

采用水泥系固化剂,对铅污染土进行了固化处理,对固化后污染土的无侧限压缩变形特性进行了研究。试验所用的铅污染土通过人工制备而成,并考虑了不同的铅离子浓度和水泥掺量。研究结果表明,随着污染土中铅含量的变化,水泥固化铅污染土的应力-应变特性、破坏应变、变形模量值不同。铅浓度为0.01%、0.1%试样的破坏应变大于不含铅试样,且随着强度的增加、龄期的增长呈幂函数减小。韧性指数可用来定量描述铅离子浓度对固化土样韧性特征的影响程度。固化铅污染土的变形模量与其无侧限抗压强度呈线性关系,线性拟合参数与铅离子浓度和水泥掺量有关。     

三江源气候变化及其对径流的驱动分析

以1965-2004 年三江源地区12 个气象台站的降水和气温资料以及长江源区直门达、黄河源区唐乃亥和澜沧江源区昌都水文站的径流资料为基础,分析三江源地区的降水、气温和径流的变化趋势,并采用Mann-Kendall-Sneyers 方法进行趋势显著性检验;采用Makkink 公式计算三江源区12 个气象站点的潜在蒸发,建立三江源区降水和潜在蒸发对径流的驱动模型,并对气候变化(降水和气温的变化) 对径流的驱动进行情景分析。研究表明：1965-2004 年三江源区气温升高,径流减少,并且气温和径流都在1994 年发生突变,但降水的变化趋势不明显。降水和潜在蒸发对径流深的驱动模型表明三江源区降水对径流起正向的驱动作用,潜在蒸发对径流起负向的驱动作用,具体来说,澜沧江源区潜在蒸发对径流的驱动力最大,长江源区次之,黄河源区最小。借助驱动模型对三江源气候变化(降水和气温的变化) 对径流的影响进行情景分析,结果显示,降水和气温对径流的驱动在总体上虽然分别是正、负方向上的驱动,但在具体情景下其各自的驱动作用又呈现出波动的特征。     

GCM STUDIES ON ANTHROPOGENIC CLIMATE CHANGE IN CHINA

Impacts of human activities on climate change as simulated by the general circulation models(GCMs)in China for the recent ten years have been summarized and reviewed in this paper.Theresearches show that it might be getting warmer over China due to the greenhouse effects.Theatmospheric circulation and precipitation also might be changed due to the greenhouse effects.Theassessments and evaluations of the models over the globe and China have also been presented in thispaper.     

The Projection of Temperature and Precipitation over China under RCP Scenarios using a CMIP5 Multi-Model Ensemble

Climate changes in 21st century China are described based on the projections of 11 climate models under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. The results show that warming is expected in all regions of China under the RCP scenarios, with the northern regions showing greater warming than the southern regions. The warming tendency from 2011 to 2100 is 0.06°C/10 a for RCP2.6, 0.24°C/10 a for RCP4.5, and 0.63°C/10 a for RCP8.5. The projected time series of annual temperature have similar variation tendencies as the new greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenario pathways, and the warming under the lower emission scenarios is less than under the higher emission scenarios. The regional averaged precipitation will increase, and the increasing precipitation in the northern regions is significant and greater than in the southern regions in China. It is noted that precipitation will tend to decrease in the southern parts of China during the period of 2011-2040, especially under RCP8.5. Compared with the changes over the globe and some previous projections, the increased warming and precipitation over China is more remarkable under the higher emission scenarios. The uncertainties in the projection are unavoidable, and further analyses are necessary to develop a better understanding of the future changes over the region.