A process‐based hypothesis for the barchan–parabolic transformation and implications for dune activity modelling

The introduction of vegetation to bare barchan dunes can result in a morphological transformation to vegetated parabolic dunes. Models can mimic this planform inversion, but little is known about the specific processes and mechanisms responsible. Here we outline a minimalist, quantitative, and process‐based hypothesis to explain the barchan–parabolic transformation. The process is described in terms of variations in the stabilization of wind‐parallel cross‐sectional dune slices. We hypothesize that stabilization of individual ‘dune slices’ is the predictable result of feedbacks initiated from colonization of vegetation on the slipface, which can only occur when slipface deposition rates are less than the deposition tolerance of vegetation. Under a constant vegetation growth regime the transformation of a barchan dune into a parabolic dune is a geometric response to spanwise gradients in deposition rates. Initial vegetation colonization of barchan horns causes shear between the anchored sides and the advancing centre of the dune, which rotates the planform brinkline angle from concave‐ to convex‐downwind. This reduces slipface deposition rate and allows vegetation to expand inward from the arms to the dune centre. The planform inversion of bare barchans dunes into vegetated parabolic dunes ultimately leads to complete stabilization. Our hypothesis raises several important questions for future study: (i) are parabolic dunes transitional landforms between active and vegetation‐stabilized dune states? (ii) should stabilization modelling of parabolic dune fields be treated differently than linear dunes? and (iii) are stabilized parabolic dune fields ‘armoured’ against re‐activation? Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lime Stabilization of Soils Underlying a Salt Evaporation Pond: A Laboratory Study

The purpose of this article is to investigate a possible use of lime for the stabilization of base soils underlying salt evaporation ponds in Çamalt? Solar Marine Salt Plant. The plant is located on the old Gediz River Delta, on the north shore of the Izmir Bay-Turkey, where alluvial deltaic soft marine sediments constitute the local soil condition. The low bearing capacity of the pond base soils results in some problems on the mechanical harvest of the solar salt. Therefore, stabilization was taken into consideration for improving the productivity of the salt plant. For this purpose, bench-scale laboratory tests were performed on the specimens that had been sampled from the bases of the salt evaporation pond to investigate the influence of lime on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of these marine sediments. By interpreting the pH test results and consistency limits of the lime stabilized soils, optimum lime content was determined as 8%. The verification of the long-term pozzolanic reactions for the optimum lime content was conducted by performing UCS tests with up to six months curing periods, along with the microstructural analysis through X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Long-term tests revealed that the optimum lime content successfully sustained the required pozzolanic reactions, and a strength gain of 500% was achieved for a six-month curing period.     

基于生物酶的固土技术在香港的应用研究

传统加固土体的方法主要是通过在土中加入一定量的高性能掺合剂使之成为一种强度较高的复合土体,但这种方法需要较长的养护时间,且不经济。利用一种新型实用的生物酶固化技术,针对香港地区3种常见的海洋黏土、完全风化花岗岩和完全风化凝灰岩,开展了土体加固试验研究。试验结果表明,生物酶对海洋土的加固效果最好,强度增加最高可达20%,而生物酶对完全风化花岗岩的加固效果则不太理想,抗剪强度指标只有少许改变。此外,海洋土和完全风化凝灰岩的压缩性因为生物酶的作用反而有所增强。最后,从微观上分析了生物酶固土作用的本质,指出固土效果主要缘自于生物酶分子与土中的黏土矿物分子发生相互作用产生的胶结作用。     

养护龄期和铅含量对磷酸镁水泥固化/稳定化铅污染土的固稳性能影响规律及微观机制

采用磷酸镁水泥（MPC）对铅污染土进行固化/稳定化处理。基于无侧限抗压强度试验、渗透试验和浸出试验,研究了养护龄期和铅含量对污染土固稳性能的影响规律。试验结果表明：固化土的强度随养护龄期增加而增大,渗透系数和浸出浓度减小,7 d龄期的固化土强度和浸出浓度分别为0.36 MPa、1.75 mg/L,均满足环境安全标准;铅含量对固化土的强度及渗透特性的影响均存在临界值,为500 mg/kg。铅含量低于临界值时,固化土的强度随着铅含量的增加而增加,渗透系数随着铅含量的增加而减小。浸出浓度随铅含量的增加而增加,但浸出浓度均低于浸出安全标准。压汞试验结果表明,随养护龄期的增大,固化土孔隙体积减小,铅含量不超过临界值时,固化土孔隙体积随着铅含量的增大而减小。扫描电镜试验结果表明：随着养护龄期的增加,土颗粒团聚化越明显,胶结程度加强;铅含量不超过临界值时,土颗粒团聚体增多。镁钾磷酸盐晶体（MKP）主要通过减少孔径大于0.1 ?m的孔隙体积来影响固化土的渗透特性。     

Sand stabilization effect of feldspathic sandstone during the fallow period in Mu Us Sandy Land

Depended on the analysis of ground snow situation, soil moisture loss speed and soil structure after planting crops of Mu Us Sandy Land remedied with feldspathic sandstone in the fallow period, it is concluded that feldspathic sandstone mixed with sand improved the sand stabilization in the governance of Mu Us Sandy Land in the fallow period. The sandy land remedied with feldspathic sandstone had big snow coverage, 25%-75% higher than normal sand; soil moisture losses slowed down, and moisture content rose by over 3 times; soil structure had been improved, and water stable aggregate content increased by 6.52%-18.04%; survival rate of protection forest increased to 85%; and ground flatness is less than 1%. The above conditions weakened sand rising conditions of Mu Us Sandy Land in the fallow period and formed two protective layers of snow cover and soil frozen layer under cold weather so as to prevent against wind erosion.     

Hazardous Waste Pollution Prevention Using Clay with Admixtures

Landfill is the most commonly used method for disposal of waste materials since it is one of the least expensive methods. In order to dispose of any hazardous material to a landfill, a liner is used, which protects the underlying land and groundwater since it acts as a barrier to fluid movement. Of the various methods available for providing improved and more effective properties of landfills, methods involving the use of bentonite, cement, lime, gypsum, etc., have been explored in the laboratory. The aim is to overcome the problem and deficiencies of the existing liners. It is observed from the experimental results that the metal concentrations of the input waste solution can be reduced to 80–98% using a soil‐cement admixture, 60–95% using a soil‐gypsum mixture, 45–95% using a soil‐bentonite mixture, 50–90% for soil, 35–80% using a soil‐lime mixture, as liner materials. The permeation rate of different metals through the different soil‐admixture media depends on various factors. A simple mathematical treatment of the phenomenon related to the permeation of liquid through the admixture of the clay and other components has been developed. The experimental results show satisfactory agreement with the predictions.     

固化粉质土应力应变特性试验研究

对固化粉质土进行了单轴和三轴应力应变试验,分析了单轴应力-应变曲线和不固结不排水三轴应力-应变曲线的特点,初步探讨了龄期、固化剂掺量及围压对曲线形状的影响。单轴应力应变试验结果表明,固化粉质土后期的强度和变形特性变化较小,随着固化剂掺量的增加,单轴应力-应变曲线形状变化明显。三轴应力应变试验结果表明,随着固化剂掺量的增加,其破坏应变和破坏偏应力均呈现正向增长的态势,曲线在高围压下呈现弱软化型,在较低围压时呈现软化型。     

固化疏浚淤泥做堤防填筑材料的试验研究

固化疏浚淤泥作为堤防填筑材料,既解决淤泥的处置,又可解决堤防建设中填土的缺乏。用灰渣胶凝材料（HAS）固化淤泥并测试固化淤泥土的主要物理力学性质,发现掺6 %灰渣胶凝材料固化后的淤泥土,在自然堆积28 d后的液塑限达到60 %,有机质含量降低到2 %,淤泥由原来的有机质高液限黏土（CHO）变成高液限粉质黏土（MH）,其28 d的无侧限抗压强度普遍大于1.4 MPa,凝聚力c≥100 kPa,内摩擦角?＞35°,渗透系数小于10-6 cm/s,远高于提防填筑材料的标准,表明灰渣胶凝材料固化改性淤泥成为堤防填土是可行的。     

698nm窄线宽激光器研究进展

窄线宽激光器在铯原子喷泉钟、光钟以及时间频率传递等方面有着重要的作用。主要介绍中国科学院国家授时中心开展的工作波长为698 nm窄线宽激光器的研究进展。实验中采用两级稳频方法将激光锁到初稳腔和高稳腔。通过第一级稳频,激光线宽为1.1 kHz;目前已初步实现了第二级稳频。通过逐渐优化第二级稳频,可以实现Hz量级线宽激光。     

带乘性噪声系统的极大似然最优估计算法

对带乘性噪声系统（ＳＭＮ）在乘性噪声及其统计参数未知的情况下,基于极大似然准则,提出了一种分块组合优化估计算法（ＢＣＯＥＡ）。该算法不需要事先知道乘性噪声的统计参数,可同时进行状态最优估计以及乘性噪声序列和其统计参数的最优估计。