Impacts of river bank stabilization using riprap on fish habitat in two contrasting environments

Riverbank stabilization using rock riprap is commonly used for protecting road and bridge structures from fluvial erosion. However, little is known about how streams adjust to such perturbation or how this can affect fish habitat in different fluvial environments, particularly for non‐salmonid species in small streams. The objective of this study is to assess impacts of riprap on fish habitat quantity and quality through a pairwise comparison of 27 stabilized and non‐stabilized stream reaches in two physiographic regions, the Saint Lawrence Lowlands and the Appalachian highlands of Montérégie‐Est (Quebec, Canada). Both quantitative (Hydro‐morphological Index of Diversity, HMID) and qualitative (Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index, QHEI) fish habitat assessment techniques are applied in order to compare results between methods. For each stream reach depth and velocity were measured to calculate HMID. In‐stream cover (woody debris, overhanging vegetation, undercut banks, aquatic macrophytes) and habitat units (pools, riffles, runs, glides) were also documented and used to determine QHEI. Results show that overall bank stabilization using riprap at bridge and stream crossings alters fish habitat characteristics. Loss of in‐stream covers and riparian vegetation lower QHEI scores at stabilized reaches, especially in more pristine Appalachian streams, but has less impact on already altered straightened Lowlands streams. In this latter context, some positive alterations of fish habitat were observed in riprapped reaches due to the coarsening of the substrate and an induced increase of slope. The two metrics (HMID and QHEI) revealed similar differences between stabilized and non‐stabilized sites for Lowlands sites, but their level of agreement was much less in the Appalachian streams, suggesting caution when interpreting habitat quality results based on a single metric. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

改良型生物稳定塘对滇池流域受污染河流净化效果

对滇池流域大清河生物稳定塘系统中的水质净化效果进行了分析,同时对各塘中的浮游藻类种类组成、细胞密度和多样性进行了调查。结果表明,当污水流经预处理塘、好氧塘、水生植物塘、养殖塘的过程中,pH、DO、叶绿素a浓度呈逐渐上升趋势,TN、TP、NH_4~+-N、BOD_5和COD浓度呈逐渐下降趋势,生物稳定塘系统对TN、TP、NH_4~+-N、BOD_5和COD的去除率分别达29.29%,48.68%,33.68%,68.14%和71.25%。叶绿素a浓度和pH(r=0.955,P0.05)、DO(r=0.992,P0.01)显著正相关,而和TN(r=-0.936,P0.05)、TP(r=-0.925,P0.05)以及NH_4~+-N(r=-0.927,P0.05)等显著负相关。在塘系统中,共出现浮游藻类53种,藻类种类数和生物多样性呈增加趋势,总细胞密度呈下降趋势;塘系统中共出现6种藻类优势种,其中绿色微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻细胞密度呈现出逐渐下降的趋势,梅尼小环藻、啮蚀隐藻、美丽网球藻和球囊藻细胞密度呈现出逐渐上升的趋势。     

水泥固化铅污染土的基本应力-应变特性研究

采用水泥系固化剂,对铅污染土进行了固化处理,对固化后污染土的无侧限压缩变形特性进行了研究。试验所用的铅污染土通过人工制备而成,并考虑了不同的铅离子浓度和水泥掺量。研究结果表明,随着污染土中铅含量的变化,水泥固化铅污染土的应力-应变特性、破坏应变、变形模量值不同。铅浓度为0.01%、0.1%试样的破坏应变大于不含铅试样,且随着强度的增加、龄期的增长呈幂函数减小。韧性指数可用来定量描述铅离子浓度对固化土样韧性特征的影响程度。固化铅污染土的变形模量与其无侧限抗压强度呈线性关系,线性拟合参数与铅离子浓度和水泥掺量有关。     

罗山矿区滑坡稳定性分析及治理的特殊性

河南灵宝罗山矿区海拔标高640-1100m,山高沟深,地形地貌复杂。自1982年建矿以来,地下采矿工程已在山体下形成大量采空区,这些采空区的变形、破坏和塌陷,加上生产爆破振动等的长期作用与影响,致使矿区目前存在多个受采动影响的潜在滑坡体,并严重影响矿山的正常安全、高效生产。研究、协调并解决采矿与山体稳定性之间的关系,实现在矿山不停产的情况下,完成对矿区山坡的综合治理,成为一项既具有重大经济效益,也具有相当社会影响和环境效益的工程技术难题。针对罗山矿区滑坡体的实际情况,研究指出采空区山体的稳定性具有明显的时间和空间相关特性,随着时间的推移,采矿工程的空间规模会不断扩大,采动影响的空间范围和力度将随之增加。因此,在进行采动诱导山体失稳分析计算以及治理措施研究时,必须充分考虑这种特殊的时空动态影响因素的作用,并采取相应的对策。对于受采动影响的动态不稳定体而言,柔性边坡支护体系比刚性支护体系将更为有效。     

气提工艺在原油稳定装置中的应用研究

原油稳定工艺是国内各大油田普遍实施的降低油气蒸发损耗、实现油气密闭集输、提高轻烃收率的重要措施。本课题结合中原油田原油稳定装置运行现状及存在的问题,进行了气提工艺在原油稳定装置中的技术改造和应用研究,以降低装置运行费用,提高轻烃回收率,使中原油田的原油稳定工艺达到一个新的水平。     

漳州后石电厂软土地基加固稳定性分析

根据漳州后石电厂B区地基堆载预压法处理后的软土地基监测数据,包括孔隙水压力,侧向位移和沉降速率,利用孔隙水压力观测结果计算固结度,根据沉降速率观测计算固结沉降量,根据空隙水压力,分层沉降量,侧向位移观测和沉降速率进行稳定性分析。     

The nonlinear stabilization of a zonal shear flow instability

Abstract

The development of initially small perturbations in a weakly supercritical zonal shear flow on a β-plane is studied. Two different scenarios of evolution are possible. If the supercriticality is sufficiently small, the growth of a perturbation is stopped in the viscous critical layer regime; for this case the evolution equation (corrected by the inclusion of a quintic nonlinearity) is derived. At greater supercriticality the nonlinearity cannot stop the growth of the perturbation in a linear (viscous or unsteady) critical layer regime, and the evolution is more complicated. Transition to a nonlinear critical layer regime leads to a reduction in the growth rate and to a slowing (but not a stopping) of the increase in amplitude, A. These are connected to the formation of a plateau (S=constant) of width L=O(A ^½) in the profile of absolute vorticity, S. Careful analysis reveals that the growth in amplitude ceases only when the whole instability domain (where the slope of unperturbed S-profile is positive) becomes covered again by the plateau.     

Global Triptych: a bottom-up approach for the differentiation of commitments under the Climate Convention

Abstract

In the coming years the international debate on commitments for the second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol will intensify. In this study, the Global Triptych approach is put forward as an input for international decision-making concerning the differentiation of commitments by 2020. It is a sector- and technology-oriented approach, and we calculated quantitative emission limitation objectives and global emissions starting from bottomup information on long-term reduction opportunities. Central to the calculations were long-term sustainability targets for the year 2050, formulated for (1) energy efficiency in the energy-intensive industry, (2) greenhouse gas intensity of electricity production, and (3) per capita emissions in the domestic sectors. Calculated emission limitation objectives for 13 world regions ranged from about ?30% to more than +200%. The ranking of world regions in the differentiation turned out to be independent of the levels chosen for the long-term sustainability targets. The objectives seem sufficient to maintain the long-term possibility of stabilizing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations at about 550 ppm CO₂-eq, but will require severe emission reductions. These may be relaxed to a certain degree if stabilization at 650 ppm CO₂-eq is aimed for. We conclude that the bottom-up character of the approach made it possible to examine important basic principles of the Climate Convention, including equity, the needs and circumstances of developing countries, cost-effectiveness and sustainable development.     

National GHG emissions reduction pledges and 2°C: comparison of studies

This article provides further detail on expected global GHG emission levels in 2020, based on the Emissions Gap Report (United Nations Environment Programme, December 2010), assuming the emission reduction proposals in the Copenhagen Accord and Cancun Agreements are met. Large differences are found in the results of individual groups owing to uncertainties in current and projected emission estimates and in the interpretation of the reduction proposals. Regardless of these uncertainties, the pledges for 2020 are expected to deliver emission levels above those that are consistent with a 2°C limit. This emissions gap could be narrowed through implementing the more stringent conditional pledges, minimizing the use of ‘lenient’ credits from forests and surplus emission units, avoiding double-counting of offsets and implementing measures beyond current pledges. Conversely, emission reduction gains from countries moving from their low to high ambition pledges could be more than offset by the use of ‘lenient’ land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) credits and surplus emissions units, if these were used to the maximum. Laying the groundwork for faster emission reduction rates after 2020 appears to be crucial in any case.     

Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk Due to Accidental Ingestion of PAHs in Contaminated Soils

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are types of hazardous contaminants, which their ingestion could cause severe consequences on human health. Leakages from storage tanks, underground pipelines, and evaporation ponds are the main sources of soil and groundwater contaminations at the Tehran Oil Refinery area (TOR site), located in south of Tehran, Iran. In this study, soil samples were collected from different locations at and adjacent to a polluted stream in the south of the refinery. The samples were analyzed for two hazardous PAH compounds, namely benzo[a]anthracene and acenaphthene. The clean up levels due to the accidental ingestion of contaminated soils at the site were also investigated in accordance to the U.S.EPA guidelines. Comparing the soil analysis results indicated that the benzo[a]anthracene concentrations in the samples varied from 53 to 299 mg/kg, which were higher than the clean up level of 1.17 mg/kg. Thus, soil remediation is required for this contaminant. The acenaphthene analysis results denoted that the average concentration of this contaminant was below the clean up level of 116.67 mg/kg, indicating that no treatment for this contaminant is necessary at the TOR site. Also, because the slope of the ground extends to the south of the stream, which stimulates the migration of the contaminants in this direction due to advection and dispersion mechanisms, the average of benzo[a]anthracene concentrations in south samples was higher than north samples (i.e., C_avg(S) = 160 ppm, C_avg(N) = 113 ppm). Various treatment techniques such as thermal desorption, soil vapor extraction (SVE), and solidification/stabilization (S/S) were investigated for this site. Due to moderate to high plasticity and relatively low permeability of the soil and low volatility of benzo[a]anthracene, however S/S method is recommended as a practical approach for the remediation of the soil at the site.