An analytical model for vapor‐phase volatile organic compound diffusion through landfill composite covers

One‐dimensional mathematical models for vapor‐phase volatile organic compound (VOC) diffusion through composite cover barriers are presented. An analytical solution to the model was obtained by the method of separation of variables. The results obtained by the proposed solution agree well with those obtained by a numerical analysis. Based on the proposed analytical model, the VOC breakthrough curves of five different composite covers are compared. The effects of degree of saturation of geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) or compacted clay liner (CCL) on VOC migration in the composite covers are then presented. Results show that the composite cover barriers provide much better diffusion barriers for VOC than the single CCL. The top surface steady‐state flux for a composite barrier, consisting of a 1.5 mm geomembrane (GM) and a 20 cm CCL, can be 8.3 times lower than that for a 30 cm CCL. The surface steady‐state flux for the case with (1.5 mm GM + 6 mm GCL) was found to be 2.3 times lower than that for the case with (1.5 mm GM + 20 cm CCL). The degree of saturation S_r of the CCL has a great influence on VOC migration in composite covers when S_r is larger than 0.5. The steady‐state flux at the surface of GM for the case with S_r = 0.7 can be 1.8 times lower than that for the case with S_r = 0.2. The proposed analytical model is relatively simple and can be used for verification of complicated numerical models, analysis of experimental data and performance assessment of composite cover barriers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

国外锂矿找矿新进展(2019~2021年)及对我国战略性矿产勘查的启示

2019年至今,全球范围锂矿找矿力度依旧未减,热点地区不断取得新进展,成果丰硕。本文对2019年至2021年期间国外一些重点锂矿项目的找矿勘查进展情况及动向进行概述。总体来看,锂矿的全球分布格局相对稳定,盐湖型锂矿和伟晶岩型锂矿仍占据主导地位,并在相应热点地区取得重大进展。此外,沉积型及热泉型等新类型锂矿的勘查工作在美国及欧洲等地区也取得了一系列新进展。较国外而言,我国取得的找矿进展和实际增加的资源储量依然有限。通过借鉴国外锂矿勘探项目的新进展,认为国内应树牢安全意识,加大对锂等战略性矿产资源的调查评价与勘查投入;进一步加强对伟晶岩型、盐湖型等传统类型以及岩体型、沉积型及热泉型等新类型锂矿的调查研究,不断拓展找矿新区域、新空间;加速国内锂矿产业化进程,不断健全锂业产业链,在上游加强国内锂资源找矿勘查的同时,要注重下游高端产品的研发。     

高阻异常蕴含裂隙温泉的实例与思考

在海南岛九所—陵水断裂带附近的黄流、九所、崖城测区,使用联合剖面法和高密度电阻率法进行地下水勘查;发现九所测区低阻异常处钻孔出水量贫乏,黄流测区团块状高阻异常处钻孔出水量较大,在崖城测区,将钻孔布置在高阻地段,勘探到基岩裂隙型温泉。初步认为上述测区低阻地段岩石破碎,泥化严重,水量贫乏;而团块状高阻地段,基岩裂隙未被泥土填充,导水性较好,钻孔出水量较大。     

江苏东海温泉热储温度估算

以东海温泉为例,依据8个热水样品的水化学分析数据,讨论了区域地质背景下热储温度的估算。分析认为:东海温泉为同源的地热水,热水在上升过程中发生冷水混合作用;对比不同地热温标的适用条件,分别采用Na-K-Mg三角图法、硅温标混合模型方法计算热储温度。结果显示:2种方法的计算结果较为接近,东海温泉的热储温度在153~170℃之间。     

Time-Dependent Nonlinear Forcing Singular Vector-Type Tendency Error of the Zebiak-Cane Model

Based on the Zebiak-Cane model, the timedependent nonlinear forcing singular vector （NFSV）-type tendency errors with components of 4 and 12 （denoted by NFSV-4 and NFSV-12） are calculated for predetermined El Nifio events and compared with the constant NFSV （denoted by NFSV-1） from their patterns and resultant prediction errors. Specifically, NFSV-1 has a zonal dipolar sea surface temperature anomaly （SSTA） pattern with negative anomalies in the equatorial eastern Pacific and positive anomalies in the equatorial central-western Pa- cific. Although the first few components in NFSV-4 and NFSV-12 present patterns similar to NFSV-1, they tend to extend their dipoles farther westward; meanwhile, the positive anomalies gradually cover much smaller regions with the lag times. In addition, the authors calculate the predic- tion errors caused by the three kinds of NFSVs, and the results indicate that the prediction error induced by NFSV-12 is the largest, followed by the NFSV-4. However, when compared with the prediction errors caused by random tendency errors, the NFSVs generate significantly larger prediction errors. It is therefore shown that the spatial structure of tendency errors is important for producing large prediction errors. Furthermore, in exploring the tendency errors that cause the largest prediction error for E1 Nifio events, the timedependent NFSV should be evaluated.     

2008年1月欧亚阻塞形势的ECMWF集合预报效果评估检验

基于欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)集合预报系统资料,评估和讨论了2008年1月我国南方发生严重冰冻雨雪灾害期间欧亚中高纬阻塞形势的预报效果。结果表明,2008年1月阻塞形势发生频率极端偏高,ECMWF集合预报的阻塞发生频率随着预报时效的延长逐渐降低。环流预报效果检验表明,预报时效大于6 d时,集合平均的预报效果好于确定性预报,因此集合预报的优势主要体现在中期预报时段。对阻塞形势的可预报性的分析表明,阻塞崩溃期间的可预报性低于阻塞建立期间。另外,通过集合预报可以获得阻塞发生的概率,从而提前为预报员提供可能发生阻塞的信号。     

南海声速跃层分类及其季节变化

南海海底地势复杂,海域内跃层分布有其特殊性,研究声速跃层分布形态对海上军事活动和海洋战场建设有重要影响。利用50 a(1958~2007年)SODA(simple ocean data assimilation)月平均资料,采用垂直梯度法分别求得3种类型声速跃层的特征值。结果表明:冬季,3种类型声速跃层范围全年最小,厚度最薄,强度最弱;夏季,主跃层、双跃层范围全年最大,厚度最厚,深度大都较浅,强度最强。春秋季跃层的示性特征介于冬夏之间,秋季比春季变化明显。     

Numerical Study of the Effect of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Spring Persistent Rain over Eastern China

The eff ect of anthropogenic aerosols on the spring persistent rain （SPR） over eastern China is investigated by using a high-resolution Community Atmosphere Model version 5.1 （CAM5.1）. The results show that the SPR starts later due to anthropogenic aerosols, with a shortened duration and reduced rainfall amount. A reduction in air temperature over the low latitudes in East Asia is linked to anthropogenic aerosols;so is a weakened southwesterly on the north side of the subtropical high. Meanwhile, air temperature increases signifi cantly over the high latitudes. This north-south asymmetrical thermal eff ect acts to reduce the meridional temperature gradient, weakening the upper-level westerly jet over East Asia and the vertical motion over southeastern China. As a result, the SPR is reduced and has a much shorter duration. The indirect eff ect of anthropogenic aerosols also plays an important role in changing the SPR. Cloud droplet number concentration increases due to anthropogenic aerosols acting as cloud condensation nuclei, leading to a reduction in cloud eff ective radius over eastern China and a reduced precipitation effi ciency there.     

The Role of Changes in the Annual Cycle in Earlier Onset of Climatic Spring in Northern China

Climatic changes in the onset of spring in northern China associated with changes in the annual cycle and with a recent warming trend were quantified using a recently developed adaptive data analysis tool, the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition. The study was based on a homogenized daily surface air temperature (SAT) dataset for the period 1955–2003. The annual cycle here is referred to as a refined modulated annual cycle (MAC). The results show that spring at Beijing has arrived significantly earlier by about 2.98 d (10 yr)-1, of which about 1.85 d (10 yr)-1 is due to changes in the annual cycle and 1.13 d (10 yr)-1 due to the long-term warming trend. Variations in the MAC component explain about 92.5% of the total variance in the Beijing daily SAT series and could cause as much as a 20-day shift in the onset of spring from one year to another. The onset of spring has been advancing all over northern China, but more significant in the east than in the west part of the region. These differences are somehow unexplainable by the zonal pattern of the warming trend over the whole region, but can be explained by opposite changes in the spring phase of the MAC, i.e. advancing in the east while delaying in the west. In the east of northern China, the change in the spring phase of MAC explains 40%–60% of the spring onset trend and is attributable to a weakening Asian winter monsoon. The average sea level pressure in Siberia (55°–80°N, 50°–110°E), an index of the strength of the winter monsoon, could serve as a potential short-term predictor for the onset of spring in the east of northern China.     

江淮锋面和华南暖区两次暴雨过程可预报性对比

以2008年6月9—10日江淮地区的锋面暴雨和2008年6月6—7日华南地区的暖区暴雨为例,采用模式试验的方法,研究了这2个不同地域不同类型的暴雨的模式可预报性的差异．控制试验的结果表明,2个地区的暴雨都可以用WRF模式得到较好的模拟再现．通过在控制试验的初始场上对温度场和风场添加高斯随机扰动误差构造敏感性集合成员,结果表明初始场的微小误差在24 h内使得华南暴雨与江淮暴雨的模拟结果都发生较大改变,但华南暴雨的误差增长快于江淮暴雨,导致华南暴雨模拟结果发生更大的改变．通过对集合离散度的分析表明,华南暴雨与江淮暴雨的离散度都随积分时间延长而不断增大,但华南暴雨的集合离散度增长更快,华南暴雨的集合离散度在模式各层上都远大于江淮暴雨．从误差增长和集合预报的角度讲,华南暴雨的模式可预报性比江淮暴雨的模式可预报性差