Groundwater flow and storage processes in an inactive rock glacier

Groundwater flow through coarse blocky landforms contributes to streamflow in mountain watersheds, yet its role in the alpine hydrologic cycle has received relatively little attention. This study examines the internal structure and hydrogeological characteristics of an inactive rock glacier in the Canadian Rockies using geophysical imaging techniques, analysis of the discharge hydrograph of the spring draining the rock glacier, and chemical and stable isotopic compositions of source waters. The results show that the coarse blocky sediments forming the rock glacier allow the rapid infiltration of snowmelt and rain water to an unconfined aquifer above the bedrock surface. The water flowing through the aquifer is eventually routed via an internal channel parallel to the front of the rock glacier to a spring, which provides baseflow to a headwater stream designated as a critical habitat for an at‐risk cold‐water fish species. Discharge from the rock glacier spring contributes up to 50% of basin streamflow during summer baseflow periods and up to 100% of basin streamflow over winter, despite draining less than 20% of the watershed area. The rock glacier contains patches of ground ice even though it may have been inactive for thousands of years, suggesting the resiliency of the ground thermal regime under a warming climate.     

Soil frost effects on streamflow recessions in a subarctic catchment

The Arctic is warming rapidly. Changing seasonal freezing and thawing cycles of the soil are expected to affect river run‐off substantially, but how soil frost influences river run‐off at catchment scales is still largely unknown. We hypothesize that soil frost alters flow paths and therefore affects storage–discharge relations in subarctic catchments. To test this hypothesis, we used an approach that combines meteorological records and recession analysis. We studied streamflow data (1986–2015) of Abiskojokka, a river that drains a mountainous catchment (560 km²) in the north of Sweden (68° latitude). Recessions were separated into frost periods (spring) and no‐frost periods (summer) and then compared. We observed a significant difference between recessions of the two periods: During spring, discharge was linearly related to storage, whereas storage–discharge relationships in summer were less linear. An analysis of explanatory factors showed that after winters with cold soil temperatures and low snowpack, storage–discharge relations approached linearity. On the other hand, relatively warm winter soil conditions resulted in storage–discharge relationships that were less linear. Even in summer, relatively cold antecedent winter soils and low snowpack levels had a propagating effect on streamflow. This could be an indication that soil frost controls recharge of deep groundwater flow paths, which affects storage–discharge relationships in summer. We interpret these findings as evidence for soil frost to have an important control over river run‐off dynamics. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing significant catchment‐integrated effects of soil frost on this spatiotemporal scale.     

Long‐term effects of aquifer overdraft and recovery on groundwater quality in a Ramsar wetland: Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park,Spain

Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park is one of Spain's most representative groundwater‐dependent ecosystems. Under natural conditions, water inflows combined brackish surface water from River Gigüela with freshwater inputs from River Guadiana and the underlying aquifer. Since the mid‐1970s, aquifer overexploitation caused the desiccation of the wetlands and neighbouring springs. The National Park remained in precarious hydrological conditions for three decades, with the only exception of rapid floods due to extreme rainfall events and sporadic water transfers from other basins. In the late 2000s, a decrease in groundwater abstraction and an extraordinarily wet period reversed the trend. The aquifer experienced an unexpected recovery of groundwater levels (over 20 m in some areas), thus restoring groundwater discharge to springs and wetlands. The complex historical evolution of the water balance in this site has resulted in substantial changes in surface and groundwater quality. This becomes evident when comparing the pre‐1980 groundwater quality and the hydrochemical status in the wetland in two different periods, under “dry” and “wet” conditions. Although the system is close to full recovery from the groundwater‐level viewpoint, bouncing back in the major hydrochemical constituents has not yet been obtained. These still appear to evolve in response to the previous overexploitation state. Moreover, in some sectors, there are groundwater‐dependent ecosystems that remain different to those found in preoverexploitation times. The experience of Las Tablas de Damiel provides an observatory of long‐term changes in wetland water quality, demonstrating that the effects of aquifer overexploitation on aquatic ecosystems are more than a mere alteration of the water balance and that groundwater quality is the key to aquifer and aquatic ecosystem sustainability.     

春小麦地和大气观测场土壤贮水量对比分析

通过青海省互助县1997~2002年大气观测场和春小麦地测定的0~50 cm土壤贮水量变化规律的对比分析得出:同一气候背景下,地形地势相同的不同场地不同植被0~50 cm土壤贮水量变化特征基本一致。大气观测场11月至次年2月(一般为土壤封冻期)土壤贮水量保持在25~27 mm间,变化较平稳,6~7月处于谷值阶段,为24 mm,3月至4月初和9月处于峰值阶段,为28 mm,年变化似呈"M"形。春小麦地在土壤封冻期未测定,3月至4月初处于最大峰值阶段,为33 mm,7月处于谷值阶段,为21 mm,9月达次峰值阶段,为25 mm,年变化似呈"M"形。在同一气候背景下,大气观测场中子仪测定和春小麦地烘干法测定的0~50 cm贮水量经过相关性检验,建立回归关系式后可相互代替应用。     

FEFLOW在区域地下水流场演化数值模拟中的应用

首先建立了洛阳龙门地区水文地质模型,然后运用FEFLOW软件对研究区寒武系地下水进行了数值模拟计算,得出了影响景区泉群正常出流的可能原因,主要有降雨量小,煤矿的开采,居民,企业,农业用水的增加等。     

PHREEQC在五大连池富CO2冷矿泉成因分析中的应用

分析了矿泉形成的水文地质成因,并应用PHREEQC对矿水形成的地球化学过程进行了模拟。初步认定：岩浆活动形成大量以水和二氧化碳为主的气体,沿火山通道上升,到达深大断裂带时与运移到此的地下水混溶,形成CO2高压溶水,CO2高压溶水不断溶蚀围岩。经溶蚀花岗闪长岩形成的深成矿水在上升过程中,在药泉山附近的多级深断裂交汇处汇聚,在沿断裂上升过程中不断与浅层地下水混合后出露地表形成矿泉。泉水绝大部分来源于浅层地下水。     

甘肃春季一场罕见强霜冻、冻害天气的分析

对2004年5月3~5日的强霜冻天气,本文从前期大气环流形势的调整与演变、气候背景、天气特征等方面进行分析研究,并就T213客观预报对这次天气的预报进行了分析。对于今后进一步做好霜冻预报防灾减灾,具有一定的指导意义。     

MOS方法在西北地区东部春季干旱预警中的应用与检验

应用西北地区东部40个气象站1982—2005年3—5月逐月气象干旱综合指数(C_i指数)以及同期国家气候中心动力延伸预报1～30天的500 hPa平均高度场,利用MOS方法在数值预报产品释用方面作了应用及检验。结果表明:预报方程预测C_i指数的平均预测准确率仅为66%,但经过订正后,按40个站的序列分析,春季平均预测准确率上升为77%,平均准确率提高11%,3月幅度最大提高15%,5月幅度最小提高了8%,尤其是最小值提高的幅度最大,平均提高25%。     

青藏高原积雪异常与大气环流异常间关系分析

在参考前人对青藏高原积雪异常年的划分成果的基础上,初步确定出1957—2003年的典型积雪异常年。采用NCEP提供的全球144×73个格点1957—2003年前一年12月至当年5月100 hPa和500 hPa的月平均高度场资料,分析了青藏高原积雪异常与大气环流异常的相互关系,提出了大气环流异常影响青藏高原积雪异常可能的天气气候成因机制;应用三因子最优子集二级判别,建立了判别青藏高原积雪多雪年/少雪年的判别方程,作为客观、定量判断高原积雪异常的指标;结合初步确定的典型青藏高原积雪异常年,用得到的最优判别方程进行划分,并经反复论证后,确定出1957—2003年青藏高原积雪正常略多年和正常略少年。