季节冻土区保温隔水路基防冻胀效果研究

基于冻土路基温度场数值模型,结合室内模型试验,对保温隔水路基进行热-应力耦合计算,并用试验结果验证计算模型,旨在研究普通路基与保温隔水路基在环境温度变化时路基温度场和位移场的变化规律,对比评价保温隔水路基防冻胀效果。结果表明：相比普通路基,保温隔水路基保温效果明显,其冻结时间推迟约22%,冻胀速率减小60%,冻胀量减小35%~60%。此外,保温隔水路基竖向变形相对较小,变形过渡平缓,横向变形显著减小,由变形引起的破坏作用减弱,说明保温隔水路基是一种较好的防冻胀路基结构。     

川东槽谷区岩溶泉水物理化学动态特征及其环境效应研究——以重庆青木关岩溶槽谷姜家泉为例

以重庆青木关岩溶槽谷姜家泉野外观测试验基地为例,利用CTDP300多参数水质自动记录仪、NITRATAX plussc在线硝氮分析仪及HOBO小型气象站,分别对岩溶泉在不同降雨条件下水化学的动态变化特征进行了监测研究。结果表明:岩溶泉水pH值受偏酸性雨水的影响而降低;水温变化取决于降雨量、持续时间及气温等因素影响。分析认为,电导率的变化随环境的不同而不同,一般降雨环境下雨水的稀释作用仅表现在降雨的开始阶段,之后裂隙含水介质起主要作用;暴雨环境下雨水的稀释作用贯穿整个降雨过程,地下河水质主要受岩溶管道裂隙控制,水动力作用占主要地位。NO3-含量与电导率变化呈正相关,都与降雨量密切相关,从而说明降雨是导致岩溶区土壤元素流失的主要原因,也是造成岩溶山区地下水污染的重要原因。岩溶泉水化学动态变化的监测研究对于解决岩溶石山区居民的饮水、水土保持及石漠化治理具有重要意义。     

下关塘子铺温泉的水文地球化学特征

下关塘子铺温泉自1970年开展水氡观测以来,水氡的前兆异常特征较为明显,对应过多次强烈地震,也成功的预报过一些地震。通过18年的观测实践,证明下关塘子铺温泉是地震观测工作中的一个灵敏点。 为探讨其灵敏原因,近年来围绕温泉、沿西洱河断层普查了一批水点,其中有4个温泉、2个冷泉、地表水两处。测定了水氡、水温、常规水质及溶解气体。企图从水文地球化学特征入手,初步探讨温泉水氡的机理,并进而探讨水氡前兆灵敏性的原因。     

Propagation of vibrations in thawing deep seasonally frozen soils in railway subgrade

In this study, in-situ testing results are given, and the analytical relationship of the vibrations' amplitudes inside an embankment by the thawing of the subgrade surface of seasonably deep frozen soils is provided. The peculiarities of the vibration waves' propagation during the springtime thawing of soils compared to those during the summertime period and the correlation of the vibrations with the under-rail basement modulus of elasticity are defined.     

黑龙江虎林四平山热泉型金矿床地质特征及成矿模式

四平山热泉型金矿床产于环太平洋成矿带的完达山脉东麓。金矿体赋存于白垩系上统大塔山林场组和四平山组地层的硅化带中。岩石化学,氢、氧、硫同位素地球化学及围岩蚀变特征等研究表明: 该矿床的成矿流体成分中既有大气降水,也有岩浆水的加入,以大气水为主,具有岩浆水与大气降水的双重性质; 成矿物质主要来源于地下岩浆热液的分异,少量来源于高背景的围岩; 成矿热源来自于岩浆的余热。结合该矿床产出的构造环境建立了该矿床的成矿模型。     

A statistical model for karst spring discharge estimation under extensive groundwater development and extreme climate change

ABSTRACT

To acquire better understanding of spring discharge under extreme climate change and extensive groundwater pumping, this study proposed an extreme value statistical decomposition model, in which the spring discharge was decomposed into three items: a long-term trend; periodic variation; and random fluctuation. The long-term trend was fitted by an exponential function, and the periodic variation was fitted by an exponential function whose index was the sum of two sine functions. A general extreme value (GEV) model was used to obtain the return level of extreme random fluctuation. Parameters of the non-linear long-term trend and periodic variation were estimated by the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, and the GEV model was estimated by the maximum likelihood method. The extreme value statistical decomposition model was applied to Niangziguan Springs, China to forecast spring discharge. We showed that the modelled spring discharge fitted the observed data very well. Niangziguan Springs discharge is likely to continue declining with fluctuation, and the risk of cessation by August 2046 is 1%. The extreme value decomposition model is a robust method for analysing the nonstationary karst spring discharge under conditions of extensive groundwater development/pumping, and extreme climate changes.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor J. Ward     

青藏高原各拉丹冬冰芯记录的季节气温变化

A 70-year history of precipitation δ18O record has been retrieved using an ice core drilled from a plat portion of the firn area in the Guoqu Glacier (33o34′37.8″ N, 91o10′35.3″ E, 5720 m a.s.l.) on Mt. Geladaindong (the source region of Yangtze River) during October and November, 2005. Based on the seasonality of δ18O records and the significant positive relationships between monsoon/non-monsoon δ18O values and summer/spring air temperature from the nearby meteorological stations, the history of summer and spring air temperature have been reconstructed for the last 70 years. The results show that both summer and spring air temperature variations present similar trends during the last 70 years. Regression analysis indicates that the slope of the temperature-δ18O relationship is 1.3℃/‰ for non-monsoon δ18O values and spring air temperature, and 0.4℃/‰ for monsoon δ18O values and summer air temperature. Variation of air temperature recorded in the ice core is consistent with that in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), however, the warming trend in the Geladaindong region is more intense than that in the NH, reflecting a higher sensitivity to global warming in the high elevation regions. In addition, warming trend is greater in spring than in summer.     

庐山星子温泉及其地热田的基本特征

庐山星子温泉,位于庐山南麓的星子县温泉村,泉水水温最高达72℃。热矿水类型为氟水、硅水、硫化氢水和氡水,适宜休闲、旅游、度假、理疗开发利用。在温泉出露处以西约1km南山公路的南侧,钻孔揭露见地热水,水温63℃。两地地热水的特征有其相似性,其形成与分布都受控于EW、NNE、NWW向断裂,但二者又有各自相对独立的热储结构。     

甘肃中部春小麦生育期净辐射的估算

利用定西综合气象试验站观测的春小麦生育期净辐射和总辐射资料,通过回归分析,发现两者之间存在很好的线性相关、进而建立适宜本地区的用总辐射估算净辐射的经验方程。利用当地的常规气象资料,对推算辐射的ＦＡＯ－ＰＭ法和Ｌ法进行对比分析表明：两种推算方法都能较为准确的推算净辐射,但是必须经过订正,从订正后的拟合误差看,ＦＯＡ－ＰＭ方法优于Ｌｉｎａｃｒｅ方法。     

The effect of secondary circulation on the salt distribution in a sinuous coastal plain estuary: Satilla River,GA, USA

An analysis of observational data suggests salt exchange in a sinuous coastal plain estuary is significantly impacted by counter-rotating residual horizontal eddies formed by channel curvature in meandering channels. The parts of adjacent eddies that advect material downstream follow the deep part of the channel where the flow continually criss-crosses from one side of the channel to the other and follows a relatively unimpeded trajectory to the sea. On the other hand, the parts of adjacent eddies that advect material upstream cross the channel at a different location where it encounters a series of shoals. In this case, the resulting upstream transport of salt is relatively inefficient and retards the rate at which salt can disperse upstream into the estuary. The strength of these circulations is modulated by the spring/neap cycle, allowing for a stronger gravitational mode of exchange to develop near neap tides, but has minimal impact on the length of the salt intrusion. It is suggested that the impeded upstream salt transport accounts for the observation that an impulse of river discharge advects a given isohaline 10 km downstream in 20 days, but that after the impulse, 70 days are required to return the isohaline to a similar position, counter to the notion of a simple dependence of intrusion length on river discharge.