BCC第二代气候预测模式系统对2015年一次寒潮过程的预报能力评估

利用BCC第二代气候预测模式系统(BCC_CSM2)的回报试验结果,评估了BCC_CSM2对2015年1月27—31日一次强寒潮过程的次季节预报能力,结果表明:(1)此次寒潮过程主要由新地岛以西的短波槽不断东移发展而形成的,模式能够提前10 d较好地预报过程期间降温以及高空环流形势,相关系数、距平符号一致率以及均方根误差都定量表明模式在10 d左右具有较好的预报能力,但是对降温程度的预报能力随起报时间的延长逐渐降低;(2)为了探讨随起报时间延长模式预报能力降低的原因,从位势倾向方程出发,分析相对涡度平流和温度平流随高度变化发现,在模式提前10 d之内的预报时段内,模式预报的相对涡度平流和温度平流随高度变化与再分析资料的诊断结果基本一致,能够合理预测短波槽的东移和槽脊的强度变化,当预报超过10 d后,模式中相对涡度平流的配置不利于短波槽的东移,模式预报的低层出现暖平流,并随高度增加而减小,不利于槽的加深,使模式预报的环流形势产生偏差,导致模式预报能力降低。     

2018年10月乌鲁木齐暴雪过程锋面分析

利用地面常规观测、NCEP/NCAR0.25°×0.25°再分析及风廓线雷达等资料，诊断分析了2018年10月17—18日乌鲁木齐极端暴雪天气过程的锋面特征。结果表明：在欧洲高压脊衰退，中亚长波槽分段东移的背景下，天山北坡强烈锋生并持续近30小时，此次锋生是热力和动力共同作用的，天山附近锋面呈带状准垂直分布，动力锋生激发的次级环流使垂直运动维持发展，为大暴雪提供动力条件； 400～600 hPa西南和地面～850 hpa西北路径输送的水汽，在600～800 hPa强烈辐合，为乌鲁木齐暴雪提供充沛水汽。风廓线雷达监测资料水平风向风速的垂直变化、Cn2能够反映锋生和水汽的演变特征，也从观测事实上证实了锋面对动力抬升及水汽辐合的重要作用。     

副高异常偏西背景下西北一次漏报的雷暴大风中尺度分析*

摘要：利用西安多普勒天气雷达、L波段风廓线雷达和加密自动站探测资料，结合天气实况，对2018年7月26日发生在陕西一次副热带高压影响下的的强风暴过程进行了中尺度分析。结果表明：（1）本次强风暴伴随的阵风锋共维持了4h，其中有3h出现7级以上的大风，且最大风力10级。（2）在副热带高压影响下，陕西处于高温、高湿气团中，大气层结极不稳定。（3）此次强风暴在高的对流有效位能环境下（CAPE）下，抬升触发的关键因子是关中地区中尺度辐合线，当初生的对流云团下山后，中尺度辐合线触发的对流风暴形成小范围冷池出流与环境风场形成新的辐合线，加强对流风暴发展。（4）当阵风锋移动过程中遇到前方的对流云团时，将低层暖湿空气抬升，并随着上升气流输送到主体对流风暴中，迅速补充了主体风暴的能量，使得主体风暴再次强烈发展，延长了阵风锋的生命史。     

Lower Pleistocene deltaic and marine sediments in boreholes from the central North Sea

Lower Pleistocene sediments recovered in boreholes from the Aberdeen Ground Formation in the central North Sea indicate that the unit was deposited in a delta front to prodelta/shallow, open shelf marine setting. Possible estuarine and clastic nearshore marine deposits have been identified on the western margin of the basin. The delta front sediments consist of interbedded, structureless to laminated sands and muds with organic debris, ferruginous nodules and common soft sediment deformation structures. Sporadic rippled and graded beds, basal scours to beds and starved ripples suggest periodic wave–current reworking. Prodelta/shelf marine sediments are predominantly argillaceous with only occasional thin sand beds and rare phosphatic bands. One exceptionally thick sand body or submarine channel-fill although this remains uncertain. The estuarine/clastic nearshore marine sediments include coarse channel-lag deposits and rippled and laminated subtidal sands. A rich microfossil assemblage recovered from the prodelta/shelf marine sequence indicates that deposition occurred under fluctuating climatic conditions.     

论大陆岩石圈形成过程中的克拉通化阶段

流体控制着地球系统中质量和能量的传输。流体岩石反应过程在岩石圈中是十分普遍的现象。在流体流动体系中 ,流体在岩石裂隙中通过平流、扩散、水动力弥散和动力学弥散等方式进行输运并与岩石发生同位素交换反应。文章首先对封闭体系、“封闭”体系、开放体系以及缓冲体系中的同位素交换模型进行了简单讨论 ,然后在讨论氧同位素动力学交换机制的基础上 ,建立了平衡交换模型和动力学交换模型。结合流体流动的归一化速率、弥散系数和流体岩石的反应速率等变量 ,对流体岩石交换反应的流体运动方程中的Peclet数和Damk¨ohler数进行了讨论 ,并详细解释了它们在流体岩石交换反应过程中的物理意义和地质用途。     

Manifestation and measurement of the fractal characteristics of karst hydrogeological formations

A new method of estimating the fractal dimension of the percolation backbone of karst systems, which are discharged through karst springs, is presented. This method is based on the simulation of the spring by the MODKARST deterministic mathematical model. Application has been made to the Psiloritis karst formation in Crete, which feeds the periodically brackish karst spring “Almiros” in Crete. Furthermore, the estimated dimension justifies an independently determined power law that quantifies the sea intrusion into the karst system.     

河南春季一次层状云降水云物理结构分析

河南2000年4月14日的降水由冷锋和西南涡产生，降水云系分布不均匀，云图上云区间有带状云隙，雷达回波图上出现两条带状回波，云带内部分布也不均匀，垂直方向上降水云系有分层现象。分析了降水云系的微物理特征，根据可播度的PMS指标确定了航线上过冷水丰富的区域，结合卫星、雷达资料讨论了过冷水丰富区域的分布特征，还讨论了降水云系内部存在的对流不稳定。     

一次持续性强暴雨过程的平均特征

2004年9月2—6日四川盆地中东部发生了一次持续性强暴雨过程。利用时间平均合成分析方法对强暴雨维持期间 (9月3日20:00—5日08:00, 北京时) 的探测资料进行合成平均, 再对合成平均资料做诊断分析, 以揭示持续性强暴雨过程持续期的平均特征。诊断分析显示, 台风西进导致稳定的环流以及中低层大量的水汽输送为暴雨持续提供了背景条件。在时间平均流场上, 与暴雨相联系的中尺度系统十分显著, 它在对流层中低层表现为准东西向的中尺度辐合带, 在对流层高层表现为中尺度辐散带, 两者垂直耦合为深厚系统。此外, 在暴雨持续期间, 对流层低层大气运动表现出强烈的非平衡特征, 这种非平衡的动力强迫作用支撑着低层强辐合的维持。     

Study on Formation Mechanisms of Heavy Rainfall Within the Meiyu Along the Mid-Lower Yangtze River and Theories and Methods of Their Detection and Prediction

As the project of National Key Basic Research Development Program: Research on Formation Mechanisms and Predictive Theories of Major Weather Disasters in China has been fulfilled by 5-yr efforts of Chinese scientists, achieving results of great significance are as follows: 1) development of multi-scale physical models for Meiyu frontal heavy rainfall based on a range of real-time observations; 2) construction of synoptic models for such heavy rainfall; 3) the Meiyu front found to consist of multi-scale systems that represent a subtropical front, which shears structural features of an extratropical front and ITCZ, displaying sometimes a bi-front feature in the mid-lower Yangtze Basin (MLYB). The positive feedback between pre-frontal wet physical processes and over-front strong convective activities as well as interactions among multi-scale systems of the Meiyu front act as the important mechanism for the maintenance and development of the Meiyu front; 4) proposal of theories and methods for quantitative retrieval of multiple mesoscale torrential rains from satellite remote sensings, leading to a line of products; 5) investigation of applicable theories and techniques for retrieving the heavy rainfall system's 3D structure from dual-Doppler synchronous detectings; and 6) development of a system for meso heavy rainfall numerical prediction models with a 3D variational data assimilation scheme included, a tool that played an active role in flood combating and relief activities over the Huaihe River Basin (HRB) in 2003.     

THE VARIATION OF THE SPRING PRECIPITATION IN GUANGZHOU AND ITS PRECURSORY SIGNALS

Guangzhou spring rainfall mainly exhibits interannual variation of Quasi-biannual and interdecadal variation of 30 yrs, and is in the period of weak rainfall at interdecadal time scale. SST anomalies (SSTA) of Nino3 are the strongest precursor of Guangzhou spring rainfall. They have significant positive correlation from previous November and persist stably to April. Nino3 SSTA in the previous winter affects Guangzhou spring rainfall through North Pacific subtropical high and low wind in spring. When Nino3 SSTA is positive in the previous winter, spring subtropical high is intense and westward, South China is located in the area of ascending airflow at the edge of the subtropical high, and water vapor transporting to South China is intensified by anticyclone circulation to the east of the Philippines. So Guangzhou spring rainfall is heavy. When Nino3 SSTA is negative, the subtropical high is weak and eastward, South China is far away from the subtropical high and is located in the area of descending airflow, and water vapor transporting to South China is weak because low-level cyclonic circulation controls areas to the east of the Philippines and north wind prevails in South China. So Guangzhou spring rainfall is weak and spring drought is resulted.