基于粘弹性球体地球模型的震后位移与重力变化计算软件

在考虑地球曲率、成层结构、可压缩性与自重的前提下,Tanaka等［1-2］提出一套较为完备的粘弹性球体位错理论,可计算全球任意位置由地震产生的同震与震后形变（含位移、重力变化、大地水准面变化）。Gao等［3］给出了与上述理论相匹配、界面友好的计算软件,能计算30个震后时间点对应的震后形变。本研究针对Gao等的软件进行改进,可计算震后任意时间点对应的震后形变。新软件由3个部分组成：1）与32个震后时间点相对应的32套离散格林函数数值框架;2）格林函数插值计算程序,可针对上述32套格林函数数值框架进行插值运算,输出任意震后时间点对应的格林函数数值结果;3）积分计算程序,调用上述格林函数数值结果,计算任意类型地震在地表任意位置产生的同震与震后形变。一般情况下,使用者只需按要求准备辅助文件,提供发震断层模型和观测站位置信息,以及震中周围地区地幔粘滞性因子,先后运行格林函数插值计算程序和积分计算程序,即可计算出目标地震在地表任意位置产生的同震与震后形变。本文基于粘弹球体位错理论与弹性球体位错理论,分别计算2011年日本MW9.0地震引起的远场同震位移,2套结果的高度一致性证明了新程序的正确性。最后,介绍需要注意的若干事项,便于使用者掌握该软件。     

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非轴对称位移边界下球孔扩张挤土位移弹性解答

以现有半无限土体中球孔扩张挤土位移的解答为基础,分别对水平地表和非轴对称斜边两个位移边界进行应力修正,运用坐标转换法和叠加法的原理,改进现有的分析方法,得到较为简化的非轴对称位移边界下扩孔问题的解答,并对非轴对称斜边倾角以及球孔离斜边距离等因素对挤土位移的影响进行了分析。结果表明：倾斜边界条件的存在对球孔两侧的挤土位移有明显影响,且随着非轴对称边界倾角的增大,靠近倾斜边界侧的挤土位移也随之增大;球孔距自由边界的距离越大,自由边界对挤土位移的影响也越小。该解答对非轴对称边界条件下的静压沉桩以及相关扩孔问题的设计和施工具有一定的指导意义和实用价值。     

基于能量耗散的球孔扩张理论解答

以空间准滑动面（SMP）准则为基础,推导了扩底桩扩孔压力的理论解。从能量耗散的角度分析球孔扩张的全过程,利用应力不变量推导了符合球孔扩张的屈服准则;化简微分方程得到了弹塑性区应力表达式,进而求出位移、应变表达式;分别利用体积守恒和能量守恒性推导出扩孔压力的表达式。该法考虑了塑性区弹性变形,并得到了扩孔压力p、塑性区半径R与扩孔半径a的关系。算例分析表明,该方法计算的扩孔压力与现场试验得出的结果较好地吻合,塑性区半径和扩孔压力均随扩孔半径的增加而增大,但增幅逐渐减小而趋于稳定值,剪胀角对塑性区半径和扩孔压力影响显著,随着剪胀角的增加,塑性区半径和扩孔压力明显增加。     

Recent progress in estimating uncertainty in geomagnetic field modeling

Abstract

Recent work pertaining to estimating error and accuracies in geomagnetic field modeling is reviewed from a unified viewpoint and illustrated with examples. The formulation of a finite dimensional approximation to the underlying infinite dimensional problem is developed. Central to the formulation is an inner product and norm in the solution space through which a priori information can be brought to bear on the problem. Such information is crucial to estimation of the effects of higher degree fields at the Core-Mantle boundary (CMB) because the behavior of higher degree fields is masked in our measurements by the presence of the field from the Earth's crust. Contributions to the errors in predicting geophysical quantities based on the approximate model are separated into three categories: (1) the usual error from the measurement noise; (2) the error from unmodeled fields, i.e. from sources in the crust, ionosphere, etc.; and (3) the error from truncating to a finite dimensioned solution and prediction space. The combination of the first two is termed low degree error while the third is referred to as truncation error.

The error analysis problem consists of “characterizing” the difference δz = z—z, where z is some quantity depending on the magnetic field and z is the estimate of z resulting from our model. Two approaches are discussed. The method of Confidence Set Inference (CSI) seeks to find an upper bound for |z—?|. Statistical methods, i.e. Bayesian or Stochastic Estimation, seek to estimate E(δz² ), where E is the expectation value. Estimation of both the truncation error and low degree error is discussed for both approaches. Expressions are found for an upper bound for |δz| and for E(δz² ). Of particular interest is the computation of the radial field, B., at the CMB for which error estimates are made as examples of the methods. Estimated accuracies of the Gauss coefficients are given for the various methods. In general, the lowest error estimates result when the greatest amount of a priori information is available and, indeed, the estimates for truncation error are completely dependent upon the nature of the a priori information assumed. For the most conservative approach, the error in computing point values of B_r at the CMB is unbounded and one must be content with, e.g., averages over some large area. The various assumptions about a priori information are reviewed. Work is needed to extend and develop this information. In particular, information regarding the truncated fields is needed to determine if the pessimistic bounds presently available are realistic or if there is a real physical basis for lower error estimates. Characterization of crustal fields for degree greater than 50 is needed as is more rigorous characterization of the external fields.     

Dynamic model of mesoscale eddies. Eddy parameterization for coarse resolution ocean circulation models

In the framework of the eddy dynamic model developed in two previous papers (Dubovikov, M.S., Dynamical model of mesoscale eddies, Geophys. Astophys. Fluid Dyn., 2003, 97, 311–358; Canuto, V.M. and Dubovikov, M.S., Modeling mesoscale eddies, Ocean Modelling, 2004, 8, 1–30 referred as I–II), we compute the contribution of unresolved mesoscale eddies to the large-scale dynamic equations of the ocean. In isopycnal coordinates, in addition to the bolus velocity discussed in I–II, the mesoscale contribution to the large scale momentum equation is derived. Its form is quite different from the traditional down-gradient parameterization. The model solutions in isopycnal coordinates are transformed to level coordinates to parameterize the eddy contributions to the corresponding large scale density and momentum equations. In the former, the contributions due to the eddy induced velocity and to the residual density flux across mean isopycnals (so called Σ-term) are derived, both contributions being shown to be of the same order. As for the large scale momentum equation, as well as in isopycnal coordinates, the eddy contribution has a form which is quite different from the down-gradient expression.     

地方坐标系到CGCS 2000的转换在电网GIS中的应用

随着国家电网公司空间信息服务平台的建设和2000国家大地坐标系(CGCS 2000)的启用,迫切需要将各省不同坐标系的空间数据统一转换到CGCS 2000,从而实现电网空间信息服务平台的纵向贯通及空间数据资源的整合和共享。本文根据电力GIS空间数据资源的特点及行业情况,阐述了电网GIS中现有成果从独立坐标系向CGCS 2000转换的实现,并提出了对转换成果的验证方法。     

用EXCEL处理高斯坐标计算问题

本文介绍了使用EXCEL处理高斯坐标的正算、反算问题,着重阐述了计算公式的编制,具有使用方便、实用性较强的特点。     

广阔范围内GPS网坐标系统转换模型的建立及精度分析

全球定位系统(GPS)技术己经在许多领域得到广泛的应用,由于GPS定位得到的观测成果通常是世界大地坐标系统WGS-84中的坐标或坐标差,但在实际应用中上需要的往往是地面点在国家坐标系或地方独立坐标系中的坐标.确立坐标系统转换模型并分析此模型的精度,根据至少3个公共点的两套大地坐标利用最小二乘法原理求出转换参数.本文以W...     

假3°带坐标系及关于大城市坐标系的建议

现时许多地方和工程坐标系在坐标数值和方位上与国家标准3°带里的偏差很大,使得其地形图无法与国家标准3°带的对接,并导致工程实践中许多的麻烦和不便;许多地方坐标系有效带宽太小。本文通过一个简单的公式,一次完成控制网的换带、旋转、放大、平移,获得控制网的"假3°带坐标系"坐标。假3°带坐标系具有诸多优点:坐标数值和方位与国家标准3°带的偏差极小,地形图可与国家的对接;有效带宽极大;便于CORS系统流动站使用;做法简单,适用广泛,可用于全国绝大部分地方坐标系。文章还对大城市坐标系的建立提出了有益建议。