长江经济带经济网络结构演变及其驱动机制研究

在构建城市间经济联系网络基础上,从网络密度、中心性、核心-边缘结构、QAP分析等角度对1988~2012年长江经济带经济网络结构演变及其驱动机制进行深入分析。结果表明：长江经济带经济联系网络结构日趋成熟,三大经济地带内城市内聚性显著增强但地带间差异逐渐缩小,经济网络向均衡化发展;城市度中心性整体持续下降,经济网络出现多核心趋势,城市介中心性高值区的梯度推移特征明显;“核心-边缘”结构分析显示核心度高值区呈片状格局,高核心度城市由“质大量少”向“质小量多”转变,经济网络的“核心-边缘”结构呈组团式发展,组团内形成各自核心城市;QAP分析显示经济全球化、要素集聚与扩散、产业升级、交通技术创新与城市群建设等机制共同驱动着长江经济带经济联系网络的演变及优化重组。     

我国乡村社会转型研究评述

新型城镇化背景下中国农村社会发展面临着再次转型。在系统梳理我国乡村社会转型研究文献的基础上,从社会阶层结构、产业发展与转型模式、人口与劳动力流动、土地利用、乡村社区与聚落、制度转型与秩序建设、公共品供给与公共服务等7个方面对相关成果进行了综述。并围绕农村社会在社会结构、经济、空间、制度、公共服务等5个方面的转型阐述了下一步的研究重点。     

Social Applications of Geographical Information Systems: technical tools for social innovation

ABSTRACT

The establishment of the National Key Centre for Social Applications of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in 1995, under the directorship of Professor Graeme Hugo, was a turning point in the use of GIS in Australia. The field of GIS, previously dominated by environmental applications, now broadened its focus to include populations, services and the interactions between people and the environment. Social applications of GIS offered a unique opportunity to make service planning, reporting, funding allocations and research both smarter and fairer. Geography and geographic relationships as implemented in GIS became the integrating platform for social spatial information, invigorating social research, planning and policy. A key strength of this approach, recognised by Professor Hugo, was the ability to ‘put people back into the planning process’. Further to being an integrating platform, GIS also offered the ability to generate new information and knowledge, which could facilitate evidence-based decision making. This paper focuses in particular on providing a written record of the development of the Accessibility/Remoteness Index of Australia (ARIA) suite of spatial accessibility indices. The lasting legacy and continued relevance of this work in social applications of GIS is also reviewed in this paper, with reference to key examples of how social research and planning in Australia have been made both smarter and fairer through the contributions of Professor Hugo and his team.     

A County‐Level Risk Assessment of the Deep Water Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico

This paper undertakes a risk assessment of coastal counties in the Gulf of Mexico impacted by the 2010 Deep Water Horizon oil spill. The study evaluates hazard risk from the perspective of community resilience, social capital, and access to resources. The proposed hazard risk location model re‐specifies risk as a function of hazard, exposure, and coping ability. The model employs an autoregressive function and a threshold analysis to develop a place‐based risk assessment. The results indicate that spatial variation in risk levels coincides with locational differences in social capital across the study area. Geographical proximity to the spill, population density, and unemployment rate are also key factors in determining overall risk. Furthermore, temporal variation in risk levels is determined by exposure to previous hazard events and changes in the business cycle.     

长江中游城市群铁路客运联系及其空间格局演变

基于铁路客运交通流数据,借助社会网络分析方法,从外部连通、内部连通两方面分析长江中游城市群铁路客运联系及其空间格局的演变。结果表明:(1)2009年~2015年间,长江中游城市群内武汉、长沙、南昌3大中心城市在对外联系和对内联系方面均呈现"武汉最强,长沙次之,南昌最弱","马太效应"日益显著;(2)武汉、长沙、南昌三市的对外联系主导方向各异,存在明显的空间错位现象;(3)2009年~2015年间长江中游城市群内31个城市的铁路交通地位发生较大变化,武汉、长沙、南昌三市的铁路枢纽地位得到巩固与提升,与其作为三大战略支点的地位逐渐匹配;(4)长江中游城市群铁路客运网络中心化程度较低,集中趋势不明显,表现为较低水平的多中心格局;(5)2009年~2015年间,长江中游城市群铁路客运联系网络空间格局由五边形转变为"品"形,省际毗邻城市之间的联系有待进一步增强;南昌市和环鄱阳湖城市群的铁路网络建设也有待完善,以增强其在"中三角"中的支撑地位。     

在韩中国朝鲜族社会网络地理特征对其中国认同的影响

许多研究表明,人们在流动到其他国家后,其族群认同、国家认同会因为迁入地的社会条件的影响而发生变化。这个结论已经毋庸论证,人们需要知道的是影响这些认同的因素和机制为何。在当今世界中,要破解复杂的国家认同问题,需要将影响国家认同的机制做细致分解。研究组设计了一般性分析框架,将社会网络之地理特性作为影响因素,旅居海外公民的母国认同作为影响结果,再以之分析在韩国的朝鲜族对中国认同的变化趋势,并对这种认同变化做一个基本的评价。分析结论是:在韩朝鲜族社会网络的三个地理特征对他们的中国认同有正向促进作用,其一是近年在韩朝鲜族的业缘网络对中国的覆盖度不断增加;其二是家庭长者作为亲缘网络中的核心人物位于中国;其三是中国的国际地位逐渐提高。地理学视角有助于更清晰地分析国家认同。未来需要分析在韩朝鲜族对哪个国家的认同更强,这对移入国和移出国双方或许更为重要。     

风暴潮灾害脆弱性研究综述

脆弱性是自然灾害风险研究的热点,风暴潮灾害脆弱性与风暴潮自然过程强度以及沿海社会经济、人口、自然环境等因素相关。本文从风暴潮灾害脆弱性定义出发,对国内外风暴潮灾害社会脆弱性和物理脆弱性进行了回顾,重点对人口、海堤、房屋等风暴潮灾害典型承灾体物理脆弱性研究进展进行了论述,分析了风暴潮灾害脆弱性评价中存在的不确定性,探讨了风暴潮灾害脆弱性在灾害损失评估、保险及再保险、防灾减灾决策支持等领域的应用,对未来风暴潮灾害脆弱性研究提出了以下展望：①开发符合中国沿海区域风暴潮灾害特征和承灾体分布的定量化、精细化脆弱性曲线,拓展风暴潮脆弱性评价结果在保险理赔、灾害损失评估等领域应用;②气候变化背景下中国沿海面临风暴潮巨灾风险,迫切需要建立科学的基于灾害实地踏勘以及物模实验、数值模拟相结合的风暴潮灾害典型承灾体脆弱性评估方法模型。     

生活方式视角下的时空行为研究进展

中国城市转型带来了社会群体的异质化和生活方式的多元化,满足不同群体的社会需求成为人本规划的重要目标,需要城市研究更多地关注微观个体的行为差异。随着城市社会现代化进程的加速和个体生活选择的增加,生活方式、城市空间与时空行为三者的互动愈加增强,生活方式对个体时空行为决策具有限制作用,导致个体行为差异的扩大并影响个体对空间政策的应对方式,因而需要在行为研究中增加生活方式的视角。本文从生活方式的相关理论、时间地理学和活动分析法的理论基础出发,综述了生活方式视角下的时空行为研究在国内外的进展,系统介绍这一研究的2个重要方向,包括生活方式的定量测量和基于生活方式群体的行为模式解读,旨在为中国城市时空行为研究提供新的视角。     

定性地理信息系统在城市社会空间研究中的应用

定性地理信息系统(定性GIS)是西方人文地理学定性研究的重要方法。它集成了定性和空间元素,更全面地阐明空间背景是如何被社会建构的。这种多元要素的整合,可以表达人们生活空间的多样性和复杂性,有助于展示生活路径的三维可视化细节,实现可视化社会空间过程。本文试图梳理西方定性GIS的方法论并探讨其在基于情感表达的个体数据采集分析、基于混合方法的可视化活动空间研究以及基于多重互动视角的社会空间研究中的应用。定性GIS包含微观和宏观层面的多重含义,使得研究者可以从多个有利位置观察问题并参与其中,有助于城市社会空间研究理论创新,为社会空间研究提供可探索空间。最后,从学科建设、方法论拓展、研究成果表达和研究议题选择等方面对中国开展同类研究进行展望。     

Activity patterns,socioeconomic status and urban spatial structure: what can social media data tell us?

ABSTRACT

Individual activity patterns are influenced by a wide variety of factors. The more important ones include socioeconomic status (SES) and urban spatial structure. While most previous studies relied heavily on the expensive travel-diary type data, the feasibility of using social media data to support activity pattern analysis has not been evaluated. Despite the various appealing aspects of social media data, including low acquisition cost and relatively wide geographical and international coverage, these data also have many limitations, including the lack of background information of users, such as home locations and SES. A major objective of this study is to explore the extent that Twitter data can be used to support activity pattern analysis. We introduce an approach to determine users’ home and work locations in order to examine the activity patterns of individuals. To infer the SES of individuals, we incorporate the American Community Survey (ACS) data. Using Twitter data for Washington, DC, we analyzed the activity patterns of Twitter users with different SESs. The study clearly demonstrates that while SES is highly important, the urban spatial structure, particularly where jobs are mainly found and the geographical layout of the region, plays a critical role in affecting the variation in activity patterns between users from different communities.