中国南极维多利亚地新站气象特征分析

中国南极新站选择在维多利亚地特拉诺瓦湾难言岛上进行建设,其气象环境状况是开展科学研究的基础工作,也是考察队员生命安全保障的基础资料。因此,通过2013年度难言岛气象站的观测资料,结合附近地区历史气象资料,对该区域气象要素特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)由于地处罗斯海与东南极冰盖交界处,难言岛年均气压为987.8 h Pa,与中山站非常接近;(2)年均温为-16.1℃,最低气温为-39.3℃,且冬季气温波动较大,标准差可达±6.0℃;(3)年均相对湿度为42.1%,年均比湿为0.6 g·kg-1且冬季比湿极低,空气非常干燥,降水量非常低;(4)盛行风向为WNW,5—7级风出现频率超过50%,但夏季风速明显低于冬季风速,一般不超过8.0 m·s~(-1),有利于中国在夏季开展工程建设和补给;(5)难言岛年总辐射量为3 342.8 MJ·m~(-2),明显低于中山站,但两站反照率非常接近。     

沙漠地区春季近地层气象要素分布规律的观测研究

利用2005年1月至2006年4月朱日和地区20 m气象塔的风向、风速、气温、相对湿度的观测资料,分析沙漠地区春季近地层气象要素的分布规律。结果表明: 春季温度回升,风速最大,相对湿度最小,利于起沙,故沙尘天气频繁。风速满足幂指数率分布规律,并且幂指数m能够很好的反映出风速梯度的变化情况;在沙尘暴、扬沙、背景、浮尘的天气条件下,春季近地面层风速梯度依次增大,湍流动量、热量交换系数依次减小;风向以西南为主。浮尘、扬沙天气各气层平均增温率分别大于或小于同时段的背景大气;沙尘暴期间温度下降,平均降温率为0.61 ℃\5h-1。春季相对湿度的平均递减率(递增率)与平均增温率(降温率)的大小正相关。浮尘天气相对湿度的平均递减率大于同时段的背景大气;扬沙天气相对湿度的平均递减率小于同时段的背景大气;沙尘暴天气相对湿度增大,平均增大率为2.80%\5h-1。     

程海螺旋藻养殖农业气象条件分析

在程海流域气象观测资料的基础上,利用气温、光强、日照时数等气象要素,结合螺旋藻正常生长发育对光、温等气象条件的要求,分析了程海湖养殖螺旋藻的利与弊。结果表明：（1）程海湖流域4～10月的月平均温度在20．1～23．3℃,满足螺旋藻较快生长的温度要求;6—9月,是最适宜螺旋藻生长的季节;11月至次年3月,不适宜螺旋藻生长。（2）程海湖流域光照充足,光照强度强,光照条件较好,但需注意过强的光照将会导致螺旋藻发生光解作用。（3）程海湖流域螺旋藻生产季节约1／4的阴天天气对螺旋藻的生长有一定的影响,冬季≤10℃的低温不利于螺旋藻种子冬季安全越冬。并进而得出程海湖的温度、日照时数、光强等气象条件对养殖螺旋藻均有不同程度的影响,但影响程度较小,适当采取措施即可满足螺旋藻正常生长。     

The integrated risk assessment and zoning of meteorological disaster in Heilongjiang Province of China

This paper describes studies on the integrated risk assessment and zoning of meteorological disaster in Heilongjiang Province,in northeastern China,by using information-diffusion theory and cluster method with 35 years of summer temperature and precipitation data from 74 meteorological stations from 1971 through 2005.The information-diffusion theory has been used extensively in risk assessment,yet almost no one has done research about risk assessment by information-diffusion theory based on meteorological disaster standards.Some research results are as follows:the risk probability of low temperature and cold damage in the northern region is higher than that in the southern region;the risk probability of general low temperature and cold damage in the southwestern region is the highest;the risk probability of serious low temperature and cold damage in the northern region is the highest,followed by the central and southeast region;the high-risk region of arid disaster in Heilongjiang Province was primarily located in the southwestern,central,and southern parts of the province;the high-intensity arid disaster was located in the south-eastern region;the high-risk region of flood in Heilongjiang Province was primarily located from the southwest and then across the central part to the western part of Heilongjiang Province;the high-intensity flood disasters were located in almost every part of Heilongjiang Province.We can conclude from the integrated meteorological disaster risk zoning that the high-risk region of mete-orological disaster is primarily located in the southern and northern part of the province,the moderate-risk region is distributed in the central southern region and western region,the low-risk region is located in the eastern part,and the light-risk region is located in the central western part of Heilongjiang Province.     

利用砂体叠加部署聪明井提高勘探开发效果

通过相应属性的叠加可提高油气勘探开发的分析效果,减少投资风险。在勘探中采用精细沉积微相分析技术,通过对勘探目标区各小层沉积微相分析,编制各层的砂体分布图,提取各层砂体中主力砂体,编制小层主力砂体的叠加图;通过对叠加图分析,确定优势储层分布区域,进行成藏风险评价,提高了布井效果。而在油田开发调整中,通过对各单层进行精细沉积微相分析,确定其平面分布特征,结合各成因砂体的控制和动用程度,确定成因砂体内的剩余油分布情况,进而确定剩余油富集砂体,并制作剩余油富集砂体叠加图,据此以成因砂体为单元部署高效聪明调整井,提高了油田的采收率和开发效果。     

Simulation of equatorial wind field patterns with TAPM during the 1997 haze episode in Peninsular Malaysia

The large‐scale forest fires that occurred during the major El Niño event in 1997 can be counted among the worst environmental disasters in Southeast Asia. This study investigates atmospheric mesoscale features over Sumatra and the Klang Valley in Peninsular Malaysia during the resultant haze episode of September 1997 utilizing a limited area mesoscale three‐dimensional meteorological and dispersion model, The Air Pollution Model (TAPM). Mesoscale features that would not be highlighted by global numerical prediction models, such as the daily land and sea breeze conditions at the selected air pollution stations located near the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, were predicted with an Index of Agreement of 0.3, which implied a moderate conformity between the predicted and observed values. Tracer analysis of air particles at a selected location in the Straits of Malacca verified the existence of the landward and shoreward movement of the air during the simulation of the low‐level wind field. Air pollutants from the burning areas of neighbouring Sumatra just across the straits were transported towards the Klang valley during the daytime and seawards during the nighttime, highlighting the recirculation features of aged and newer air particles over the seven days (13–18 September) of the model simulation. The presence of the central Main Range east of the Klang valley to a certain extent limited further eastward movement of the air particles. Near calm conditions at low levels were simulated from midnight to midday on 14 September, where the movement of the polluted air particles from the uncontrolled burning in Sumatra was confined within the Straits of Malacca. Turbulence within the planetary boundary layer in terms of the total kinetic energy was found to be weak from 14 to 15 September, congruent with the weak strength of low level winds that reduced the ability of the air to transport the pollutants during the period of severe smoke haze. Statistical evaluation showed that parameters such as the systematic RMSE (root mean square error) and unsystematic RMSE for the zonal wind component were slightly higher than for the meridional one, indicating higher errors between the observed and simulated zonal values. Otherwise, the equatorial meteorological parameters such as wind speed and temperature were successfully simulated by the model with comparatively high correlation coefficients, lower RMSEs and moderately high indices of agreement with observed values.     

气候变暖对甘肃干旱气象灾害的影响

应用甘肃80个地面气象站1960-2005年的降水量和气温序列资料,分析了降水量和气温的变化趋势以及降水量和气温的变化对干旱气象灾害的影响.结果表明:甘肃全省年平均气温总体呈明显升高趋势,年降水量总体呈明显减少趋势;甘肃气候变化总体呈暖干趋势.其中,河西呈微弱的暖湿趋势,河东呈显著的暖干旱趋势.3~10月全省年平均降水量与干旱受灾面积和粮食减产量呈显著负相关,全省平均气温与干旱受灾面积和粮食减产量均呈显著正相关.气候暖干化趋势对农业产生的负面影响,是导致干旱受灾面积扩大、粮食减产量增加的主要原因,同时也影响粮食安全.     

石家庄城市供水与气象条件

利用多元回归等统计方法逐月分析了气温、湿度、降水及风等气象因子与供水之间的关系 ,并对闷热指数、焚风等与供水量之间的相互关系和规律进行了分析 ,制作了短期供水预报。     

南宁市着装厚度气象指数预报

对着装厚度与气温、风力的关系,着装厚度与适宜服装款式品种的关系的研究,制作出在不同气温、风的条件下的着装厚度指数;通过每天各时段气温、风力的预报值,可预报出四季室外活动适宜服装的款式与种类.     

论龙眼、荔枝生产的若干农业气象问题及对策

通过对龙眼、荔枝长期观察结果的分析,认为树体和花序受寒（冻）害、冬季连阴雨寡照致使成花率低,花期低温阴雨或高温干旱天气,使果树不能正常开花座果或果实败育等,是广西龙眼、荔枝生产上的主要农业气象问题。并就这些问题的发生机理及对策进行探讨。