Preservation potential of seasonal laminated deposits as a useful tool for environmental analysis in mesotrophic Lake Kizaki,central Japan

In this paper discusses the aquatic environment at Lake Kizaki, central Japan, during the last ca. 60 years and describes the importance of laminated sediments in environmental analyses. The flux of total algal carbon increased between 1965 and 1996 while the BSi flux, which can be used in diatom production, showed a larger increase between 1960 and 1998 than typically occurs on average. The flux of dinosterol, an indicator of dinoflagellate production, also increased from 1966 to 1998, and the sedimentary dinoflagellate record correlated with observations of freshwater red tides caused by dinoflagellate blooms. Parallel laminated sediment was determined to have appeared between 1960 and 1995, corresponding to a period of high total algal carbon levels and BSi fluxes. For lamina formation and its preservation process, the thickness of the oxygen-poor layer depended on excessive total algal production during stagnant periods and appeared to be important because nutrients were diffused and accumulated in the oxygen-poor layer from bottom sediments. This could result in diatom blooms at the next overturn period. The development of the thick oxygen-poor layer appeared to be triggered primarily by the presence of excessive nutrients generated by human activities. In general, the occurrence of laminated sediments can provide a useful tool for understanding the eutrophic state in Lake Kizaki.     

Solid‐Phase Removal of Dissolved Organic Species from Water and Identification by GC–MS

A method is described for the detection and identification of dissolved organic compounds (DOCs) in various water samples. Acid treated active silica gel sorbent (pH 3) was packed into a micro‐column and used as a solid‐phase extraction medium for adsorption of DOCs. Silica particles‐adsorbed‐organic species were then divided into equal portions followed by suspension into various organic solvents of different polarities such as methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and toluene. Suspended silica‐adsorbed‐organic species were shaken for 1 h at room temperature and the organic extracts were subjected to GC–MS analysis under temperature programming conditions for qualitative detection and identification of these species. Blank solvents and silica samples were also subjected to the same extraction procedures and GC–MS analysis for comparison. The mass spectrum of each eluted chromatographic peak was library searched or manually interpreted to identify the compound.     

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,a new cost-effective tool for quantitative analysis of biogeochemical properties in long sediment records

Measurements of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) in the mid-infrared (MIR) region were conducted on sedimentary records from Lake El’gygytgyn, NE Siberia, and Lake Ohrid, Albania/Macedonia. Calibration models relating FTIR spectral information to biogeochemical property concentrations were established using partial least squares regression (PLSR). They showed good statistical performance for total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and biogenic silica (opal) in the sediment record from Lake El’gygytgyn, and for TOC, total inorganic carbon (TIC), TN, and opal in sediments from Lake Ohrid. In both cases, the calibration models were successfully applied for down-core analysis. The results, in combination with the small amount of sample material needed, negligible sample pre-treatments, and low costs of analysis, demonstrate that FTIRS is a promising, cost-effective tool that allows high-resolution paleolimnological studies.     

贵州铜仁地区硅石资源概况及其开发利用

本文概括地介绍了铜仁地区沉积变质和热液两种成因类型硅石资源的分布及其矿床地质基本特征,对其合理开发利用提出了建议,可供参考。     

黄海、东海陆架区沉积物中氮的形态分布及与浮游植物总量的关系

利用分级浸取分离法将黄海、东海陆架区沉积物氮分为转化态氮(TF-N)和非转化态氮,并将可转化态氮区分为4种形态:离子交换态氮IEF-N 、碳酸盐结合态氮CF-N 、铁锰氧化态氮IMOF-N及有机态和硫化物结合态氮OSF-N。 对各形态氮的平面、垂直和沉积剖面年际分布进行了分析,并进一步探讨了该区域氮形态与古生产力的替代指标——生物硅(BSi)的相关性,揭示了氮形态的地球化学特征及与浮游植物总量的关系。结果表明,黄海、东海陆架区表层沉积物中可转化态氮占总氮的百分比为16.81%,可转化态氮中4种形态氮的平均含量为:IMOF-N(66.65 μg/g)>IEF-N(22.96 μg/g)>OSF-N(17.40 μg/g)>CF-N(11.26 μg/g),IMOF-N是可转化态氮的优势形态;柱状沉积物中各形态氮垂直分布不同,长江口沉积物中各形态氮垂向变化幅度大于南黄海中部;离子交换态氮IEF-N和铁锰氧化态氮IMOF-N对浮游植物总量贡献较大。     

植物中硅矿化作用的硅同位素示踪研究

项目首次对田地生长的水稻与竹子和室内栽培水稻中氧化硅的含量、形态、分布及硅同位素组成进行了系统研究。研究发现水稻中的氧化硅含量有由根到茎、叶、稻壳逐渐增高的趋势, 但在米粒中含量急剧降低。竹子中的氧化硅含量也显由杆到枝、叶逐渐增高的趋势。在竹子和水稻的根部, 氧化硅都集中在内皮层;而在其地上部分(竿、枝、叶、壳), 氧化硅主要出现于外皮层。在单株水稻和竹子中都发现不同器官间存在显著的、系统的硅同位素分馏。水稻的? 30Si显示有由根到茎降低, 而后向叶、壳和米逐渐增高的趋势。竹子的? 30Si也显由根到竿降低, 而后向枝、叶增高的趋势。这种硅同位素变化可能是由植株内体液中的溶解硅在竿、枝、叶、壳相继沉淀出氧化硅时, 产生瑞利过程的硅同位素分馏的结果。研究得出竹子和水稻中溶解硅与沉淀硅间的硅同位素分馏系数分别为0.9981和0.9996。研究发现水稻根和竹根从土壤溶液中吸取硅时, 也存在硅同位素动力分馏。竹子与水稻吸收硅与土壤可溶硅之间的硅同位素分馏系数分别为0.9988和0.9989。研究得出：1)水稻与竹子由外界吸收的含硅化合物主要为正硅酸;2)被动吸收是其吸收硅的重要形式;3)蒸发作用是硅在这些植物中迁移和沉淀的主要机制。研究结果为理解植物中硅吸收、搬运和沉淀硅的方式与机制和探讨植物在硅、碳生物地球化学循环方面的作用提供了可靠的证据     

辽河三角洲滨海湿地有机碳的时空演变、环境功能及其埋藏机制

滨海湿地有机碳的时空分布规律, 是研究影响滨海湿地固碳能力及其对当今环境演化与全球气候变化的响应及反馈作用的关键。尽管土壤中总碳含量是评价固碳能力的重要指标, 但其中球囊霉素相关蛋白质(glomalin-related soil protein, GRSP)作为有机碳的一种重要组在部分, 可代表和行使有机碳在滨海湿地固碳能力中的相关作用。     

封闭酸溶-硅钼蓝比色分光光度法测定地质样品中的硅

由于聚合态的硅酸无法与钼酸根定量络合,采用硅钼蓝比色分光光度法测定地质样品中的硅,其关键在于如何将固体试样消解制备成溶液且保证硅酸全部以单分子状态存在。本文以氢氟酸-硝酸封闭酸溶消解地质样品,使样品中的硅完全转化为氟硅酸稳定存在于溶液中;再加入硼酸和钼酸铵,使过量的氢氟酸与硼酸生成稳定的BF~-_4配离子,此步骤代替了蒸干赶除氢氟酸,从而避免了赶酸过程中硅与氟离子转化为气态SiF_4而挥发损失,在钼酸铵作用下,硅则充分转变为硅钼杂多酸。在显色过程中通过加入丙酮显著提高了硅钼黄的稳定性,且在一定程度上增加了吸光度,从而改善了硅钼蓝分光光度法测定硅的显色效果。该方法避免了常规碱熔消解样品后在酸化过程中硅酸易聚合、引入大量熔剂造成空白偏高等问题,经岩石、土壤、沉积物和石英岩国家标准物质分析验证,SiO_2测试结果准确且重现性好(RSD1%,n=10),适用于一般地质样品中硅的快速、准确分析。     

植硅体在河流硅输送中的作用

高等植物产生的植硅体是古气候和古环境研究的重要手段,也是陆地硅循环中重要的硅的储库;植硅体通过河流的跨区域输送在全球硅的生物地球化学循环中起着重要作用,是区域硅循环研究的重要载体,然而这方面的关注却很少。河流输送的生物硅大致分为自源和异源两种类别。"自源"生物硅主要包括河流水体本身自生浮游植物(主要是淡水硅藻)产生的硅质颗粒;"异源"生物硅主要由流域土壤的侵蚀输出到河流的植硅体所构成。流域地表过程是使得部分土壤中的植硅体进入河流的主要途径,并成为河流生物硅输送中重要的形式,这对河流-河口水循环体系的硅生物地球化学循环过程产生了重要的影响,但人们对河流输送的植硅体在硅循环中的作用的研究还不够。文章着眼于陆海相互作用研究,以河流中水体携带的植硅体为中心,总结了河流植硅体输送在地表水体硅循环系统中贡献的研究进展,分析了长江与黄河植硅体入海通量与河口行为及对近海海洋环境的影响。最后,对未来河流输送的植硅体参与硅循环研究可能需要加强的科学问题提出了建议。