黔东南低效林改造碳汇潜力情景分析

对黔东南以杉木和马尾松为主的低效林改造规划的案例分析表明,相对于维持现状的基线情景,低效林改造的碳汇效益的有无或大小取决于现有基线林分状况、低改措施以及林分的经营目的。如果以培育长周期大径材为目标,即项目期内无主伐,则将有明显的碳汇效益;但是,如果以短周期工业原料林或速生丰产林为经营目标,即项目期内发生一次或多次主伐,则碳汇效益十分有限,甚至相对基线情景,生物量中的长期碳储量将减少;择伐可大大提高低效林改造的碳汇效益。因此,要使低效林改造产生较大的净碳汇效益,甚至纳入碳交易,应尽可能避免短轮伐期;如果必须要主伐,也应尽可能采用择伐方式,以提高碳储量的长期平均水平。     

CO2注入岩体的热-气-应力耦合二维弹塑性有限元分析

目前国内关于CO2地质埋存课题的研究已经起步,其中与岩石力学有关的工作急需加强。为此,考虑到向含气地层中注入CO2时岩石、气体和温度的相互作用,将CO2视为理想气体,使用Drucker-Prager屈服准则和‘无拉应力’判据,建立了一个热-气-应力耦合模型并研制了相应的二维有限元程序。假定了一个由下部注入层和上覆冠石层组成的CO2埋存地质系统,以此为数值模拟的对象,分析了CO2在不同的注入速率和注入时间条件下岩体的中的位移、应力、受拉与塑性破坏区的变化和分布情况,结果显示,为保证CO2注入岩体的稳定,应优择最佳的注入速率和注入时间。     

根系分泌的有机酸及其对喀斯特植物、土壤碳汇的影响

根系分泌的有机酸是土壤有机酸的重要动态来源,来源于光合作用固定的碳,是土壤碳流动的最活跃形式。根系分泌的有机酸是一种具有调节作用的植物和土壤碳汇。一方面,在喀斯特土壤环境中,植物根系分泌有机酸的含量增加,影响碳汇的产生和流动,直接调节植物与土壤的固碳增汇能力;另一方面,根系分泌的有机酸通过影响土壤中一系列的动态化学和生物学过程,对土壤养分有效性和养分循环以及微生物的活性产生深刻影响,直接影响土壤的固碳增汇能力,从而间接影响植物的固碳增汇能力。因此,根系分泌的有机酸在喀斯特生态系统的固碳增汇中起着重要作用。      

Assessing land-use and carbon stock in slash-and-burn ecosystems in tropical mountain of Laos based on time-series satellite images

In the tropical mountains of Southeast Asia, slash-and-burn (S/B) agriculture is a widely practiced and important food production system. The ecosystem carbon stock in this land-use is linked not only to the carbon exchange with the atmosphere but also with food and resource security. The objective of this study was to provide quantitative information on the land-use and ecosystem carbon stock in the region as well as to infer the impacts of alternative land-use and ecosystem management scenarios on the carbon sequestration potential at a regional scale. The study area was selected in a typical slash-and-burn region in the northern part of Laos. The chrono-sequential changes of land-use such as the relative areas of community age and cropping (C) + fallow (F) patterns were derived from the analysis of time-series satellite images. The chrono-sequential analysis showed that a consistent increase of S/B area during the past three decades and a rapid increase after 1990. Approximately 37% of the whole area was with the community age of 1–5 years, whereas 10% for 6–10 years in 2004. The ecosystem carbon stock at a regional scale was estimated by synthesizing the land-use patterns and semi-empirical carbon stock model derived from in situ measurements where the community age was used as a clue to the linkage. The ecosystem carbon stock in the region was strongly affected by the land-use patterns; the temporal average of carbon stock in 1C + 10F cycles, for example, was greater by 33 MgC ha⁻¹ compared to that in 1C + 2F land-use pattern. The amount of carbon lost from the regional ecosystems during 1990–2004 periods was estimated to be 42 MgC ha⁻¹. The study approach proved to be useful especially in such regions with low data-availability and accessibility. This study revealed the dynamic change of land-use and ecosystem carbon stock in the tropical mountain of Laos as affected by land-use. Results suggest the significant potential of carbon sequestration through changing land-use and ecosystem management scenarios. These quantitative estimates would be useful to better understand and manage the land-use and ecosystem carbon stock towards higher sustainability and food security in similar ecosystems.     

Spatial Analysis of the Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential of Crop-residue Return in China Based on Model Simulation

Crop-residue return is a recommended practice for soil and nutrient management and is important in soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and CO₂ mitigation. We applied a process-based Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model to simulate the spatial pattern of topsoil organic carbon changes from 2001 to 2010 under 4 crop-residue return scenarios in China. The carbon loss (28.89 Tg yr^-1) with all crop-residue removal (CR0%) was partly reduced by 22.38 Tg C yr^-1 under the status quo CR30% (30% of crop-residue return). The topsoil in cropland of China would become a net carbon sink if the crop-residue return rate was increased from 30% to 50%, or even 75%. The national SOC sequestration potential of cropland was estimated to be 25.53 Tg C yr^-1 in CR50% and 52.85 Tg C yr^-1 in CR75%, but with high spatial variability across regions. The highest rate of SOC sequestration potential in density occurred in Northwest and North China while the lowest was in East China. Croplands in North China tended to have stronger regional SOC sequestration potential in storage. During the decade, the reduced CO₂ emissions from enhanced topsoil carbon in CR50% and CR75% were equivalent to 1.4% and 2.9% of the total CO₂ emissions from fossil fuels and cement production in China, respectively. In conclusion, we recommend encouraging farmers to return crop-residue instead of burning in order to improve soil properties and alleviate atmospheric CO₂ rises, especially in North China.     

Advances in Geochemical Study of Phytolith Occluded Carbon

Phytoliths, also called amorphous silica particles, have a great geochemical stability and could occlude a certain amount of organic carbon during the forming process. At present, phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) is recognized as one of long-term stable carbon sequestration mechanisms and has significant influence on regulating global climate change. At the same time, PhytOC isotope research has great value for paleo-environment, paleo-climate reconstruction and other fields. Therefore, more scholars pay attention to the PhytOC geochemical research. Based on the current research status, we summarized the current state of understading about phytolith forming process, elemental composition, geochemical stability, PhytOC sink and PhytOC isotope application for paleo-environment reconstruction. We also summarized the main problems of geochemical research on phytolith and PhytOC, which will make great contribution to further research on phytolith geochemical research.     

Can the EU emission trading scheme support CDM forestry?

Abstract

The European Commission is mandated to consider the inclusion of credits from land-use projects under the clean development mechanism (CDM) and joint implementation (JI), beginning with the second period of the European Union's emission trading scheme (ETS) in its report due in July 2006. Temporary credits from afforestation and reforestation under the CDM are seen by many as posing a technical problem for their use under the ETS. This article summarizes three feasible, efficient and environmentally sound alternatives for achieving the integration of such temporary credits in the European emissions trading market starting in 2008. The first proposal integrates tCERs and lCERs (temporary credits) into the EU ETS by allowing for their direct use for compliance purposes. The second proposal builds on the idea of swapping temporary credits for EU allowances (EUAs) by Member States. The third proposal would not require a political decision at the EU level. Instead supportive Member States or private carbon fund operators would agree to swap temporary credits for the CERs or ERUs they hold in their accounts. All three solutions would be linked to a risk-mitigation strategy based on levying a fee or fixing an exchange rate, which would allow governments to hedge the risk of losing temporary credits.     

区域尺度陆地生态系统碳增汇途径及其可行性分析

如何实现区域陆地生态系统碳增汇（carbon sequestration）、如何科学地评估/认证其碳汇效应,目前仍是一个颇具争议的科学问题。本文探讨了区域陆地生态系统碳增汇途径,并对现阶段中国陆地生态系统主要人为管理措施的碳汇效应进行了定性评价。从技术和经济可行性看,许多人为管理措施均具有较明显的碳汇效应;但在确定技术或经济投入规模时,应充分考虑特定人为管理措施下生态系统碳增汇的特征曲线,合理地控制投入,实现人为管理措施碳增汇效应最优化。此外,基于定性评价结果,本文分别针对森林、草地、农田和湿地生态系统提出了行之有效的碳汇管理措施。建议相关科学家围绕这些已较大面积推广的管理措施,深入研究其碳收支过程及其机理,尽快提出科学的、可验证的碳增汇认证方法,为科学地评估中国陆地生态系统碳汇功能提供理论依据。     

1999-2008年间中国森林土壤碳汇功能初步估算

基于样地资料、文献资料和森林资源清查资料,以及不同森林类型蓄积、生物量、年凋落量和土壤呼吸之间的函数关系,估算1999-2008年间中国森林生态系统的NEP(净生态系统生产力)、△Cbiomass(现存森林植被碳储量增量)和NR(非呼吸代谢消耗光合产物),再根据森林生态系统碳平衡方程,初步估算中国森林土壤碳汇(△Csoil=NEP-△Cbiomass-NR)。研究结果表明:中国森林生态系统总的NEP、△Cbiomass、NR和△Csoil分别为157.530、48.704、31.033和77.793 Tg C yr^-1,单位面积NEP、△Cbiomass、NR和△Csoil分别为101.247、31.303、19.945和49.999 g C mm^-2 yr^-1。中国森林土壤碳汇存在较大的空间差异,江西、湖南、浙江、福建、安徽、山西、陕西、广西和辽宁9省(区)森林土壤为碳源,释放的碳约为25.507 Tg C yr^-1。其他22个省(区)森林土壤为碳汇,吸收的碳约为103.300 Tg C yr^-1。本研究建立了基于森林资源清查资料的中国森林土壤碳汇评价方法,是对现有的基于统计资料进行森林生态系统碳循环研究的有益补充,将推动具有可比性的、按照一致性的研究方法开展的区域尺度森林土壤固碳功能研究。     

退化和恢复过程驱动的荒漠草地生态系统有机碳密度变化

荒漠草地是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,研究退化和恢复荒漠草地生态系统碳密度的变化特征,是精确评估荒漠草地在全球气候变化中作用的关键,也能为中国碳达峰和碳中和提供数据支撑和理论依据.通过野外调查取样和室内分析,研究了腾格里沙漠南缘天然荒漠草地、重度退化荒漠草地和通过植被建设恢复良好的人工-天然荒漠草地的生态系统碳密度,主...