有效应力对高煤级煤储层渗透率的控制作用

为了探究有效应力对高煤级煤储层渗透率的控制作用及其应力敏感性的各向异性,对5块高煤级煤样进行了覆压孔渗实验,揭示了有效应力对煤储层渗透率的控制机理。以3.5 MPa模拟原始地层压力发现,煤岩在平行主裂隙和层理面方向具有最高的初始渗透率,垂直层理面方向初始渗透率最低;有效应力从3.5 MPa增加到15.5 MPa的过程中,渗透率呈现出良好的幂函数降低趋势;渗透率伤害/损失的各向异性表明平行主裂隙方向渗透率伤害率和损失率最大,且不同方向应力敏感性受裂隙的宽度及其展布方向的控制;裂隙压缩系数随应力的增加呈现降低趋势,但由于高煤级煤岩压缩难度大,裂隙压缩系数的各向异性不明显。有效应力对渗透率控制的实质为通过减小煤储层孔裂隙体积降低渗透率,从而对各个方向上的渗透率均造成较大的不可逆伤害。     

贵州省开阳县斜坡地质灾害孕灾因子敏感性分析

开阳县地质条件复杂,区内山地灾害频发,在进行野外地质灾害调查的基础上,选取高程、坡度、坡向、工程岩组、斜坡结构、断层、水系、归一化植被指数（NDVI）8个影响因子作为斜坡地质灾害孕灾因子。基于GIS平台,采用确定性系数模型（CF）进行开阳县斜坡地质灾害孕灾因子敏感性分析,并通过敏感性指数（E）分析各因子对开阳县斜坡地质灾害的敏感性大小。结果表明：在高程515~993 m、坡度20°~50°、坡向为东南、西和西北向、软质岩组、顺向坡地区、距断层1 000 m以内、距河流800 m以内、NDVI值处于-0.098~0.181的区域,为开阳县地质灾害敏感区;坡度、岩性、坡向、距河流距离、距断层距离、高程6个因子为开阳县地质灾害的主要控制因素,NDVI和斜坡结构具有较低的敏感性;进一步分析表明,NDVI敏感程度很可能受高程1 288~1 664 m区间和北向坡向限制;斜坡结构敏感性主要受坡向东、西2个方向限制。研究成果可为开阳县地质灾害的防灾减灾工作提供参考。     

基于范数灰色理论的滑坡稳定性敏感因子分析

灰色关联分析模型可用于滑坡稳定性敏感因子的定量分析。将范数灰色理论引入到滑坡稳定性敏感因子分析之中,确定了影响滑坡稳定性系数的因素权重,较为直观地反映了各影响因子对滑坡稳定性的影响程度。以重庆市綦江县土台镇滑坡为例,进行滑坡稳定性敏感因子的范数灰关联度计算。结果显示,滑动面岩土体强度参数是影响土台镇滑坡稳定性最重要的因素,地震作用和地下水位的变化对该滑体稳定性的影响要稍弱一些。     

温纳偏置电测深法压制表层电性不均匀体影响的研究

巷道底板浮煤等电性不均匀体及厚度变化是造成煤矿井下电测深曲线畸变的主要因素。通过模型实验研究了温纳偏置电测保法压制浮煤等表层电性不均匀体影响的能力。用感度分析法讨论了表层电性不均匀体产生地电干扰的机制。实测结果表明，该方法改善了电测深曲线质量，有效地提高了电测深法地质应用效果。     

Parameter identification for lined tunnels in a viscoplastic medium

This paper is dedicated to the identification of constitutive parameters of elasto‐viscoplastic constitutive law from measurements performed on deep underground cavities (typically tunnels). This inverse problem is solved by the minimization of a cost functional of least‐squares type. The exact gradient is computed by the direct differentiation method and the descent is done using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The method is presented for lined or unlined structures and is applied for an elastoviscoplastic constitutive law of the Perzyna class. Several identification problems are presented in one and two dimensions for different tunnel geometries. The used measurements have been obtained by a preliminary numerical simulation and perturbed with a white noise. The identified responses match the measurements. We also discuss the usage of the sensitivity analysis of the system, provided by the direct differentiation method, for the optimization of in situ monitoring. The sensitivity distribution in space and time assess the location of the measurements points as well as the time of observation needed for reliable identification. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

6600 years of earthquake record in the Julian Alps (Lake Bohinj,Slovenia)

Sequences of lake sediments often form long and continuous records that may be sensitive recorders of seismic shaking. A multi‐proxy analysis of Lake Bohinj sediments associated with a well‐constrained chronology was conducted to reconstruct Holocene seismic activity in the Julian Alps (Slovenia). A seismic reflection survey and sedimentological analyses identified 29 homogenite‐type deposits related to mass‐wasting deposits. The most recent homogenites can be linked to historical regional earthquakes (i.e. 1348 ad , 1511 ad and 1690 ad ) with strong epicentral intensity [greater than ‘damaging’ (VIII ) on the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale]. The correlation between the historical earthquake data set and the homogenites identified in a core isolated from local stream inputs, allows interpretation of all similar deposits as earthquake related. This work extends the earthquake chronicle of the last 6600 years in this area with a total of 29 events recorded. The early Holocene sedimentary record is disturbed by a seismic event (6617 ± 94 cal yr bp ) that reworked previously deposited sediment and led to a thick sediment deposit identified in the seismic survey. The period between 3500 cal yr bp and 2000 cal yr bp is characterized by a major destabilization in the watershed by human activities that led to increases in erosion and sedimentation rates. This change increased the lake's sensitivity to recording an earthquake (earthquake‐sensitivity threshold index) with the occurrence of 72 turbidite‐type deposits over this period. The high turbidite frequency identified could be the consequence of this change in lake earthquake sensitivity and thus these turbidites could be triggered by earthquake shaking, as other origins are discarded. This study illustrates why it is not acceptable to propose a return period for seismic activity recorded in lake sediment if the sedimentation rate varies significantly.     

井间电阻率层析成象的平滑度约束反演

井间电阻率层析成象是一种探测地下浅部精细结构的物探方法，它主要用于解决工程地质问题。本文采用２．５－Ｄ有限元法，针对井间电阻率层析成象中的ＡＭ观测系统进行了反演成象计算。文中首先计算了灵敏度矩阵，然后给出了一种电阻率层析成象反演算法—平滑度约束反演，理论模型的计算和实际资料的处理，都证明了该算法的有效性     

引水灌区黄土地质灾害成因机制与防控技术 ——以黄河三峡库区甘肃黑方台移民灌区为例

黄土是具有水敏性的特殊类土,遇水后性质发生明显变化,甚至引发地质灾害.甘肃黑方台地区由于引水灌溉引发的滑坡和黄土湿陷等灾害十分严重,也很典型,已成为地质灾害研究和工程实践的热点地区之一.针对引水灌区黄土地质灾害成因机制研究与防控技术中存在的问题,以黑方台地区为例,从灌溉水入渗引起的地下水动力场与黄土工程地质性质响应及其诱发的黄土滑坡和黄土湿陷灾害等方面开展了国际合作研究.研究表明,40余年引水灌溉导致台塬中心部位地下水位上升了20m,升幅为0.476m/a,导致滑坡灾害频发,平均每年发生3～4次,引起黄土湿陷总量达5.9m,非饱和黄土和湿陷系数小于0.015的黄土所引起的湿陷量达到2.16m,对黄土湿陷性研究提出新的挑战.灌区地质灾害风险防控的关键是改变灌溉模式,减少地下水补给,实施排水工程,有效地降低斜坡地带的地下水位.     

典型滑坡监测点优化布置

利用数值模拟技术与模糊模式识别算法提出了滑坡监测点优化布置的基本方法。以链子崖危岩体为例,以Ⅳ-Ⅳ′剖面作为滑坡监测点优化布置的典型剖面,根据监测变量（位移）对外界干扰因素作用下的灵敏度大小与监测信息量获取大小之间的关系,对该危岩体的监测变量（位移）进行了灵敏度分区研究,进而对该典型剖面的监测点进行了优化设计。研究结果表明,链子崖危岩体地表位移监测点宜布置在位移量明显和状态变化灵敏度较高的部位,深部位移监测钻孔宜穿越所有水平位移变化的灵敏区域。     

基于GIS分析法识别城区水安全敏感区研究

近年来,随着海绵城市建设的推进,我国学者对于城市雨洪管理方面的研究日益加深。然而海绵城市的建设相关问题也日益凸显,首要问题就是对于城区大范围积水分析、水安全分析等技术相对薄弱,使得大范围海绵城市的建设流于形式。以宜良县建成区为例,查阅相关文献并对积水点实际调研。借助ArcGIS工具的强大功能对城区的各项指标进行综合分析,得出宜良县建成区水安全敏感区分布图,从而使得海绵城市建设可以根据各区域水安全敏感情况制定不同策略,对今后海绵城市的建设具有借鉴意义。