利用遥感技术进行干旱半干旱区找水的方法和实践

随着遥感技术和地面物探技术的发展和深入应用,产生了一种现代的综合勘探方法。本文介绍了在内蒙古锡林浩特市胜利煤田露天矿区供水水文地质普查中运用综合水文地质勘察方法的情况、遥感方案的选择、技术思路,以及利用遥感方法进行区域水文地质调绘所取得的成果,对遥感水文地质的发展提出了作者的看法。     

正规矩阵选取半参数灰色模型改进的预测建模

正规矩阵是对模型误差补偿性的直接表达,时间序列法用一阶差分方程和二阶差分方程计算得到不同的正规矩阵。针对传统GM(1,1)模型没有考虑模型误差,而数据处理过程中所建立的数学模型与客观现实并不一致的问题,该文提出建立顾及模型误差的半参数模型的GM(1,1)模型。对由传统半参数模型得到的正规矩阵采取一阶差分法进行改进,并通过算例证实了改进正规矩阵的半参数模型的GM(1,1)预测精度更高。     

Scale relationships in hillslope runoff and erosion

Eight runoff plots, located within a small catchment within the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, southern Arizona, were constructed to test the argument that sediment yield (kg m^?2) decreases as plot length increases. The plots ranged in length from 2 m to 27·78 m. Runoff and sediment loss from these plots were obtained for ten natural storm events. The pattern of sediment yield from these plots conforms to the case in which sediment yield first increases as plot length increases, but then subsequently decreases. Data from the present experiment indicate that maximum sediment yield would occur from a plot 7 m long. Analysis of both runoff and sediment yield from the plots indicates that the relationship of sediment yield to plot length derives both from the limited travel distance of individual entrained particles and from a decline in runoff coefficient as plot length increases. Particle‐size analysis of eroded sediment confirms the role of travel distance in controlling sediment yield. Whether in response to the finite travel distance of entrained particles or the relationship of runoff coefficient to plot length, the experiment clearly demonstrates that the erosion rates for hillslopes and catchments cannot be simply extrapolated from plot measurements, and that alternative methods for estimating large‐area erosion rates are required. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

调制模式、调制比预报方法应用朔望潮的理论依据

朔望潮触发和调制地震的发生已是一个基本事实,朔望潮即是半月潮幅度最大时段再迭加半日潮和全日潮。由于朔望潮量值大,所以它作用到震源系统上影响震源过程的７种效应也大,因而朔望潮与地震的相关性较好。由此作者认为用朔望潮比单纯用半日潮来判断震源过程的不稳定性更好,它可以回避震源地方的很多复杂问题而不影响预报地震的效能。     

Re‐shaping hysteretic behaviour—spectral analysis and design equations for semi‐active structures

Semi‐active dampers offer significant capability to reduce dynamic wind and seismic structural response. A novel resetable device with independent valve control laws that enables semi‐active re‐shaping of the overall structural hysteretic behaviour has been recently developed, and a one‐fifth scale prototype experimentally validated. This research statistically analyses three methods of re‐shaping structural hysteretic dynamics in a performance‐based seismic design context. Displacement, structural force, and total base‐shear response reduction factor spectra are obtained for suites of ground motions from the SAC project. Results indicate that the reduction factors are suite invariant. Resisting all motion adds damping in all four quadrants and showed 40–60% reductions in the structural force and displacement at the cost of a 20–60% increase in total base‐shear. Resisting only motion away from equilibrium adds damping in quadrants 1 and 3, and provides reductions of 20–40%, with a 20–50% increase in total base‐shear. However, only resisting motion towards equilibrium adds damping in quadrants 2 and 4 only, for which the structural responses and total base‐shear are reduced 20–40%. The spectral analysis results are used to create empirical reduction factor equations suitable for use in performance based design methods, creating an avenue for designing these devices into structural applications. Overall, the reductions in both response and base‐shear indicate the potential appeal of this semi‐active hysteresis sculpting approach for seismic retrofit applications—largely due to the reduction of the structural force and overturning demands on the foundation system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Choice between series and parallel connections of hysteretic system and viscous damper for seismic protection of structures

Supplemental viscous damping devices are generally envisioned to be connected in parallel to the inelastic parent structure or hysteretic damping devices. This gives rise to higher base shear, and often greater ductility demand of the hysteretic system. The series connection of the viscous and hysteretic system (the inelastic structure or a damper) is an alternative approach. In this paper, comparisons between the series and parallel connections of the hysteretic system and viscous dampers are done through response spectra analyses of single degree of freedom structures. Ductility demand of the hysteretic system and the total base shear are chosen as the response quantities. For the series model, a semi‐implicit solution scheme for classical Maxwell model is modified to include the inelasticity of the time‐independent hysteretic spring. It is observed that the series connection of the 2 dampers gives lower base shear than does the parallel connection. For long‐period and low‐damping structures, the ductility demand of the hysteretic system in series connection is higher than that in parallel connection. Increasing the viscous damping in series connection reduces the ductility demand substantially, lower than that obtained in parallel connection. Practical methods for implementing the series and parallel connections, in line with roof isolation, are also suggested.     

Hybrid seismic protection of cable‐stayed bridges

This paper proposes a hybrid control strategy combining passive and semi‐active control systems for seismic protection of cable‐stayed bridges. The efficacy of this control strategy is verified by examining the ASCE first‐generation benchmark problem for a seismically excited cable‐stayed bridge, which employs a three‐dimensional linearized evaluation bridge model as a testbed structure. Herein, conventional lead–rubber bearings are introduced as base isolation devices, and semi‐active dampers (e.g., variable orifice damper, controllable fluid damper, etc.) are considered as supplemental damping devices. For the semi‐active dampers, a clipped‐optimal control algorithm, shown to perform well in previous studies involving controllable dampers, is considered. Because the semi‐active damper is a controllable energy‐dissipation device that cannot add mechanical energy to the structural system, the proposed hybrid control strategy is fail‐safe in that the bounded‐input, bounded‐output stability of the controlled structure is guaranteed. Numerical simulation results show that the performance of the proposed hybrid control strategy is quite effective in protecting seismically excited cable‐stayed bridges. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Precipitation stable isotope variability and subcloud evaporation processes in a semi‐arid region

The stable isotopic (²H/¹H and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O) composition of precipitation has been used for a variety of hydrological and paleoclimate studies, a starting point for which is the behaviour of stable isotopes in modern precipitation. To this end, daily precipitation samples were collected over a 7‐year period (2008–2014) at a semi‐arid site located at the Macquarie Marshes, New South Wales (Australia). The samples were analysed for stable isotope composition, and factors affecting the isotopic variability were investigated. The best correlation between δ ¹⁸O of precipitation was with local surface relative humidity. The reduced major axis precipitation weighted local meteoric water line was δ ²H = 7.20 δ ¹⁸O + 9.1. The lower slope and intercept (when compared with the Global Meteoric Water Line) are typical for a warm dry climate, where subcloud evaporation of raindrops is experienced. A previously published model to estimate the degree of subcloud evaporation and the subsequent isotopic modification of raindrops was enhanced to include the vertical temperature and humidity profile. The modelled results for raindrops of 1.0 mm radius showed that on average, the measured D‐excess (=δ ²H ? 8 δ ¹⁸O) was 19.8‰ lower than that at the base of the cloud, and 18% of the moisture was evaporated before ground level (smaller effects were modelled for larger raindrops). After estimating the isotopic signature at the base of the cloud, a number of data points still plotted below the global meteoric water line, suggesting that some of the moisture was sourced from previously evaporated water. Back trajectory analysis estimated that 38% of the moisture was sourced over land. Precipitation samples for which a larger proportion of the moisture was sourced over land were ¹⁸O and ²H‐enriched in comparison to samples for which the majority of the moisture was sourced over the ocean. The most common weather systems resulting in precipitation were inland trough systems; however, only East Coast Lows contributed to a significant difference in the isotopic values. Copyright © 2016 Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation. Hydrological Processes. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

气象数据云数据存储技术及应用

针对气象数据种类多、信息量大、精度高等特点,传统的关系型数据库系统在存储处理、数据读取等方面存在负载饱和、读写性能不理想等问题,利用云数据存储技术,结合气象数据特征,设计了基于云数据存储平台的气象数据存储和处理方法。通过分析气象数据的结构化、半/非结构化特征,采用云关系型数据库存储结构气象数据;采用NoSQL对象库存储半/非结构化气象数据;在数据的存储过程中,应用了气象数据分块压缩技术,进行气象数据存储和传输。结果表明,所讨论的方法具有很好的存储传输效率,能够满足大规模气象数据在业务应用中对存储查询和处理速度的要求。     

The use of small‐format and low‐altitude aerial photos for the realization of high‐resolution DEMs in mountainous areas: application to the Super‐Sauze earthflow (Alpes‐de‐Haute‐Provence,France)

Geomorphologists have to make choices and compromises, as acquisition techniques of geometrical information are numerous, depending on the specific complexity of the targeted three‐dimensional objects and the requirements of the end user. This article presents the methodology and the results over a well known and documented site. This ready‐to‐use, low‐altitude, aerial photo methodology reveals itself to be a satisfying compromise between cost, accuracy and difficulty of implementation. The selected equipment package is light enough to enable a quick reaction to unexpected events and the tools and methods are competitive with field acquisition techniques. An evaluation has demonstrated a sub‐metric accuracy for the final result. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.