甘肃干旱与半干旱地区水资源可持续开发利用对比分析

甘肃半干旱区天然降水是主要的水资源，而干旱区的水资源来自于南部祁连山以及阿尔金山的山区降水和冰雪融水，甘肃半干旱区在小麦生长需大关键期的5－6月，降水量离差系数大，农业生产易遭旱灾，河西干旱区出山径流较稳定，为灌溉农业的稳定提供了基础，甘肃半干旱地区的水资源持续开发利用应主要拦蓄大气降水，配合开发地下水，并合理规划利用地表水，其中雨水集流工程和旱作节水农业技术的推广政策和措施是关键，干旱区的水资源持续开发利用主要应通过水价调整来引导建立节水型经济结构和推广节水技术，政策支持重点领域是水资源的合理配置并完善绿洲资源保护与水源涵养林保护的法规体系。     

A layered numerical model for simulating the generation and propagation of internal tides over continental slope II stability analysis

INTRODUCTIONAsoneofthemethodsenablingnumericalsolutionofdifferentialequations,thefinite differ encemethodiswidelyacceptedinthestudyofphysicaloceanography.Afinite differenceschememusthavepropertiesofconvergence ,consistencyandstabilitytoyieldusefulapproximatesolutionoftherelevantdifferentialequations.However,thepropertiesneednotbeverifiedonebyonebecausethewell knownLaxLawassuresthattheconvergenceisequivalenttothestabilityforafinitediffer enceschemewithconsistence .Twomainmethodsforstudyin…     

Forced vibration test of a building with semi‐active damper system

The authors developed a semi‐active hydraulic damper (SHD) and installed it in an actual building in 1998. This was the first application of a semi‐active structural control system that can control a building's response in a large earthquake by continuously changing the device's damping coefficient. A forced vibration test was carried out by an exciter with a maximum force of 100 kN to investigate the building's vibration characteristics and to determine the system's performance. As a result, the primary resonance frequency and the damping ratio of a building that the SHDs were not jointed to, decreased as the exciting force increased due to the influence of non‐linear members such as PC curtain walls. The equivalent damping ratio was estimated by approximating the resonance curves using the steady‐state response of the SDOF bilinear hysteretic system. After the eight SHDs were jointed to the building, the system's performance was identified by a response control test for steady‐state vibration. The elements that composed the semi‐active damper system demonstrated the specified performance and the whole system operated well. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessment of the impact of different vegetation patterns on soil erosion processes on semiarid loess slopes

Soil erosion hinders the recovery and development of ecosystems in semiarid regions. Rainstorms, coupled with the absence of vegetation and improper land management, are important causes of soil erosion in such areas. Greater effort should be made to quantify the initial erosion processes and try to find better solutions for soil and water conservation. In this research, 54 rainfall simulations were performed to assess the impacts of vegetation patterns on soil erosion in a semiarid area of the Loess Plateau, China. Three rainfall intensities (15 mm h^‐1, 30 mm h^‐1 and 60 mm h^‐1) and six vegetation patterns (arbors‐shrubs‐grass ‐A‐S‐G‐, arbors‐grass‐shrubs ‐A‐G‐S‐, shrubs‐arbors‐grass ‐S‐A‐G‐, shrubs‐grass‐arbors ‐S‐G‐A‐, grass‐shrubs‐arbors ‐G‐S‐A‐ and grass‐arbors‐shrubs ‐G‐A‐S‐) were examined at different slope positions (summits, backslopes and footslopes) in the plots (33.3%, 33.3%, 33.3%), respectively. Results showed that the response of soil erosion to rainfall intensity differed under different vegetation patterns. On average, increasing rainfall intensity by 2 to 4 times induced increases of 3.1 to 12.5 times in total runoff and 6.9 to 46.4 times in total sediment yield, respectively. Moreover, if total biomass was held constant across the slope, the patterns of A‐G‐S and A‐S‐G (planting arbor at the summit position) had the highest runoff (18.34 L m^‐2 h^‐1) and soil losses (197.98 g m^‐2 h^‐1), while S‐A‐G had the lowest runoff (5.51 L m^‐2 h^‐1) and soil loss (21.77 g m^‐2 h^‐1). As indicated by redundancy analysis (RDA) and Pearson correlation results, a greater volume of vegetation located on the back‐ and footslopes acted as effective buffers to prevent runoff generation and sediment yield. Our findings indicated that adjusting vegetation position along slopes can be a crucial tool to control water erosion and benefit ecosystem restoration on the Loess Plateau and other similar regions of the world. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于灰色系统的准公共性基础设施融资效果评价模型

针对准公共性基础设施融资效果评价问题,通过综合运用AHP法、灰色理论和模糊决策等,从指标体系的确立到模型的构建,提出了1种切实可行的定量、直观的评价方法,并通过实际的项目事例验证了评价模型的可行性和实用性。     

内蒙古半干旱区近地层总体输送系数特征

利用内蒙古锡林浩特2009年1月至2010年12月通量观测系统资料,用涡动相关法计算分析了湍流交换参数变化特征.结果表明,草原下垫面动量输送系数(Cd)和热量输送系数(Ch)存在相同的季节变化和不同的日变化特征,夏季最大,冬季最小,Cd的日变化为单峰型,而Ch多为双峰型;Cd随高度增加而减小,Ch仅在夏季随高度增加而减小;Cd和Ch在不稳定情况下均随风速增大而减小,而在稳定情况下,Ch随风速无明显变化,Cd先随风速增大而减小,当风速大于6 m/s时随风速增大而增大并趋于常值.逆温条件下,Cd和Ch随温差的减小而增大,反之,Cd随温差增大而增大,Ch与温差呈明显反比例变化特征.     

内蒙古半干旱草原气候生态相互作用问题——IMGRASS计划初步结果

IMGRASS计划 (内蒙古半干旱草原土壤植被大气相互作用 )旨在通过野外实验、过程分析和数值模式研究理解中纬度半干旱草原气候生态相互作用中的多种时空尺度和多种物理化学生物学过程的作用 ,以及人类活动的影响。文中介绍部分与全球变化和人类活动相关的初步研究结果 ,主要是 :(1)冬季风、大区域地表环境和本区地形的结合对浑善达克沙地在长时间过程形成的作用 ;(2 )夏季风、本区地形和植被对本区夏季降水的水汽通道和降水分布有重要作用 ;(3)实验区内不同类型地表与土壤表现出明显不同的地气交换通量特征与不同的边界层结构 ;(4 )草原温室气体 (N2 O ,CH4 ,CO2 )收支的定量测量与过程研究表明 ,温带草原N2 O源强较IPCC 2 0 0 1报告估计值偏低 ,而草原CO2 收支表现出很强的变动性 ;(5 )人类活动干预下的草原退化与恢复演替表现出该区域普遍的规律与对气候的依赖 ,提供可持续发展的人类对自然草原放牧强度的阈值。     

Continuous prediction of clay‐bed stream erosion in response to climate model output for a small urban watershed

The response of the semi‐alluvial clay‐bed Watts Creek is assessed subject to climate change. Climate impacts are expected to have regional variability, and few studies have assessed the impacts of future climate in a small urban watershed. The 21‐km² watershed located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, is highly urbanized (68%) and agricultural (20%) with limited forest cover (12%). Continuous simulations were performed using the SWMHYMO lumped hydrologic modelling platform for the open water year, excluding spring freshet (April 1 to October 31). A shear stress exceedance and stream power erosion routine was added to the platform to calculate erosion potential. To account for uncertainty in the collected data, 9 different field datasets were used to calibrate the model, each leading to a distinct set of calibrated parameter values. The difference between the datasets lies in the choice of the rating curves and calibration period. The 2041–2080 precipitation outputs of the 4th version of the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CanRCM4) ran under representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 at the MacDonald Cartier International Airport were downscaled using quantile matching and then used as input to the continuous hydrologic model. For each set of calibrated parameters, a cumulative effective work index based on the reach‐averaged shear stress was calculated for Watts Creek using both the historic (1967–2007) and projected future (2041–2080) flows, using a bed material critical shear stress for entrainment of 3.7 Pa. These results suggest an increase of 75% (respectively 139%) under RCP4.5 (respectively RCP8.5) in cumulative effective work index compared with historic conditions for the average measured bed strength. The work index increase is driven by an increased occurrence of above‐threshold events and, more importantly, by the increased frequency of large events. The predicted flow regime under climate change would significantly alter the erosion potential and stability of Watts Creek.     

Hydrograph separation using tracers and digital filters to quantify runoff components in a semi‐arid mesoscale catchment

Chemical hydrograph separation using electrical conductivity and digital filters is applied to quantify runoff components in the 1,640 km² semi‐arid Kaap River catchment and its subcatchments in South Africa. A rich data set of weekly to monthly water quality data ranging from 1978 to 2012 (450 to 940 samples per site) was analysed at 4 sampling locations in the catchment. The data were routinely collected by South Africa's national Department of Water and Sanitation, using standard sampling procedures. Chemical hydrograph separation using electrical conductivity (EC) as a tracer was used as reference and a recursive digital filter was then calibrated for the catchment. Results of the two‐component hydrograph separation indicate the dominance of baseflow in the low flow regime, with a contribution of about 90% of total flow; however, during the wet season, baseflow accounts for 50% of total flow. The digital filter parameters were very sensitive and required calibration, using chemical hydrograph separation as a reference. Calibrated baseflow estimates ranged from 40% of total flow at the catchment outlet to 70% in the tributaries. The study demonstrates that routinely monitored water quality data, especially EC, can be used as a meaningful tracer, which could also aid in the calibration of a digital filter method and reduce uncertainty of estimated flow components. This information enhances our understanding of how baseflow is generated and contributed to streamflow throughout the year, which can aid in quantification of environmental flows, as well as to better parameterize hydrological models used for water resources planning and management. Baseflow estimates can also be useful for groundwater and water quality management.     

半圆型防波堤的水力特性研究

采用不规则波浪试验,研究了半圆型防波堤的水力特性及堤上波力随各主要影响因素的变化规律。指出必须分别按出水堤或淹没堤计算堤上的波力,前者可用改进的合田公式;对于淹没堤,文中建议了计算波力的方法。