华南桉树人工林芒萁层片的生态筛效应

芒萁是华南退化坡地上最具代表性的先锋种、优势种和关键种,能够快速形成密集的单优种层片结构。与传统阻碍更新的观点不同,野外观察发现芒萁层片内仍有少数物种能够成功定居,被认为具有生态筛效应。文章通过设置4种芒萁层片处理（芒萁层片完全剔除-UR;仅保留地上层-AF;仅保留根毯层-AR;芒萁层片全部保留-CK）,分别在不同处理下移植目标种幼苗并结合土壤性状,探究芒萁层片生态筛效应及其潜在机理。结果发现：1）桉林芒萁根毯层中土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钠、交换性钙、交换性镁和阳离子交换量均显著高于芒萁红壤层和裸地红壤;2）多数乔木种和草本种在芒萁根毯层保留时无法存活,仅荷木、桃金娘、梅叶冬青和野牡丹等目标种幼苗在保留芒萁根毯层处理（AR和CK）下能够存活与生长。这表明芒萁层片确实具有生态筛效应,且其关键在于根毯层的作用而并非土壤养分改善作用。理论上,芒萁层片（尤其是根毯层）与生态恢复的生物阈值突破密切相关,未来需要进一步解析芒萁根毯层的结构与功能。应用上,华南地区存在大量以芒萁为单优林下植物的人工林类型（如桉林等）,在进行结构优化与林分改造时需注意芒萁的生态筛效应。     

池塘网箱投放不同附着基对附着生物演替及刺参保苗效果的影响

通过设置在刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)养殖池塘中的9个2 m3保苗网箱(2 m×1 m×1 m)进行现场实验,比较研究了波形网(CU)、地笼(地笼网CN+地笼板CP)、尼龙网片(NM)等3种类型附着基(共4种附着基材料)在投苗状态下表面附着生物的发生与演替,及其在刺参苗种中间培育过程中对刺参生长、存活和产量的影响。结果表明:不同附着基表面的附着生物群落具有相似的演替过程。地笼板(CP)上附着生物的干质量、无灰分干质量显著高于其他3种附着基材料(P0.05),而CU、CN和NM之间差异不显著(P0.05);4种附着基材料表面附着生物的叶绿素a含量表现为CUCPNMCN,且相互间差异显著(P0.05);参苗培育12周时,采用波形网附着基的网箱苗种产量显著高于地笼(P0.05),波形网成活率最高,且显著高于其他2种附着基(P0.05)。参苗培育17周后,采用波形网附着基的网箱,苗种产量显著高于地笼和尼龙网片(P0.05),波形网的苗种成活率和特定增长率显著高于尼龙网片(P0.05),地笼与其他两者之间差异不显著(P0.05)。上述结果显示,附着基类型对刺参中间培育过程中苗种产量、成活率、增长率有显著影响。通过对刺参保苗效果的综合分析,推荐采用波形网作为刺参室外池塘保苗的附着基。     

基于人为调控盐度的促进大叶藻种子萌发及建苗技术研究

Vast declines in Zostera marina seagrass beds demand effective methods of rehabilitation. In this study, we developed a practical method by reducing salinity to induce seed germination followed with recovering salinity to facilitate seedling production of Z. marina. The results showed that Z. marina seeds collected from natural seawater(salinity 30) were induced to germinate at reduced salinities. Percent germination(GR) was higher and mean-time-to-germinate(MTG) was shorter at lower salinities. The highest GR and shortest MTG occurred at salinity 0(deionized freshwater). After germination in freshwater, seeds could develop into seedlings at salinities5–30 and continue the growth. Viability or development of germinated seeds was not significantly different during the 40 d of post-germination incubation at salinities 5–15 after 1–20 d of germination in freshwater. However,during the process of translating germinated seeds from salinity 0 and 5 to salinity 30, reducing the gradients of post-germination acclimation facilitated more seeds forming seedlings in less time. On average, after 60 d of static incubation, including 20 d in freshwater for germination followed with immediate shift to salinity 5 and increasing to salinity 30 at increment of 5 every two days until cultivation at constant salinity 30, 33% of Z. marina seeds produced healthy seedlings. The results indicate that the salinity-manipulation based method of artificial germination and seedling production is practical and effective in supporting rehabilitation of Z. marina bed.     

皱纹盘鲍育苗期间稚鲍电剥离技术的应用研究

水温 2 0℃条件下 ,选用 6种方式进行稚鲍剥离对比实验。电剥离方式在剥离效率、稚鲍存活率 (长、短期 )及生长速度方面均具有明显的优势 ;混合气体处理与升温刺激的剥离效果最差 ,其余 3种方式 (酒精、氨基甲酸乙酯、乙基氨基香酸麻醉 )没有显著差异。对不同规格稚鲍剥离实验结果表明 ,8mm以下稚鲍选用高强度电剥离 ( 0 .5～ 0 .7V/ cm)方式为最佳 ;8～ 10 mm稚鲍选用中强度 ( 0 .3～ 0 .4 V/ cm) ;12 mm以上稚鲍可使用低强度电剥离 ( 0 .1～ 0 .2 V/ cm)方式。     

黑鮶(Sebastodes fuscences)人工育苗的实验研究

在常规的海产鱼类人工育苗的基础上，结合黑鮶仔、稚鱼生理生态特点，在200m3水体中，育出平均规格2．6cm的黑鮶苗种30．58万尾，单位水体出苗量达1500尾以上，并在育苗过程中对黑鮶仔、稚鱼的摄食、生长、成活率等方面进行较系统观察。     

海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)海上保苗技术的研究

用网袋、塑料筒、网箱等不同器具对海湾扇贝进行海上保苗试验,保苗率分别可达到23.8％、28.3％和32.9％。网袋中贝苗的生长快于塑料筒快于网箱,在10～13.5℃条件下,平均日增长为20μm;13.5～17.5℃,平均日增长为30μm;17.5～19℃,平均日增长为140μm;19～22℃,平均日增长为80μm。作者认为,贝苗生长不仅与水温有关,而且与贝苗的不同生长阶段有关,在贝苗壳高为1.5～4.5mm这个阶段生长迅速。     

Flow-ecology modelling to inform reservoir releases for riparian restoration and management

Linked hydrologic, hydraulic, and ecological models can facilitate planning and implementing water releases from reservoirs to achieve ecological objectives along rivers. We applied a flow-ecology model, the Ecosystem Functions Model (HEC-EFM), to the Bill Williams River in southwestern USA to estimate areas suitable for recruitment of riparian tree seedlings in the context of managing flow releases from a large dam for riparian restoration. Ecological variables in the model included timing of seed dispersal, tolerable rates of flow recession, and tolerable duration of inundation following germination and early seedling establishment for native Fremont cottonwood and Goodding's willow, and non-native tamarisk. Hydrological variables included peak flow timing, rate of flow recession following the peak, and duration of inundation. A one-dimensional hydraulic model was applied to estimate stage-discharge relationships along ~58 river kilometres. We then used HEC-EFM to apply relationships between seedling ecology and streamflow to link hydrological dynamics with ecological response. We developed and validated HEC-EFM based on an examination of seedling recruitment following an experimental flow release from Alamo Dam in spring 2006. The model predicted the largest area of potential recruitment for cottonwood (280–481 ha), with smaller areas predicted for willow (174–188 ha) and tamarisk (59–60 ha). Correlations between observed and predicted patches with successful seedling recruitment for areas within 40 m of the main channel ranged from 0.66 to 0.94. Finally, we examined arrays of hydrographs to identify which are most conducive to seedling recruitment along the river, given different combinations of peak flow, recession rate, and water volume released. Similar application of this model could be useful for informing reservoir management in the context of riparian restoration along other rivers facing similar challenges.     

节能型海带育苗新技术——黑暗流水储存配子体

目前采用的海带苗培育方法已经有50多年的历史,它将21~28℃的自然海水降温至6~8℃用于育苗。缺点是海水降温成本高、管理需要人工多。而本技术在育苗过程中的一定时期,将苗帘集中堆放,在流水黑暗条件下储存配子体14 d,储存期间无需人工管理。以此配子体储存技术,可以将海带育苗平均水温从目前的7℃左右提高到10℃左右。     

沙地麻黄育苗试验研究

文章阐述了麻黄（ＥｐｈｅｄｒａｓｉｎｉｃａＳｔａｐｆ）的生物学特性、引种繁殖技术及育苗效果,认为覆膜育苗在生产上有较高的推广价值,可以很好地开发麻黄的药用资源。     

利用红毛菜生物学特性覆盖采集单孢子苗

利用红毛菜(Bangiafusco-purpurea)在适宜环境条件下所放散的单孢子为苗种来源,适时把子帘(空白帘)2～8层重叠于已长出红毛菜的母帘之上采集单孢子苗。当子帘附苗量达700～1000株/cm时,可以分苗养殖。