Hexagonal connectivity maps for Digital Earth

Geospatial data are gathered through a variety of different methods. The integration and handling of such datasets within a Digital Earth framework are very important in many aspects of science and engineering. One means of addressing these tasks is to use a Discrete Global Grid System and map points of the Earth's surface to cells. An indexing mechanism is needed to access the data and handle data queries within these cells. In this paper, we present a general hierarchical indexing mechanism for hexagonal cells resulting from the refinement of triangular spherical polyhedra representing the Earth. In this work, we establish a 2D hexagonal coordinate system and diamond-based hierarchies for hexagonal cells that enables efficient determination of hierarchical relationships for various hexagonal refinements and demonstrate its usefulness in Digital Earth frameworks.     

A cell-based algorithm for evaluating directional distances in GIS

Directional distance is commonly used in geographical information systems as a measure of openness. In previous works, the sweep line method and the interval tree method have been employed to evaluate the directional distances on vector maps. Both methods require rotating original maps and study points in every direction of interest. In this article, we propose a cell-based algorithm that pre-processes a map only once; that is, it subdivides the map into a group of uniform-sized cells and records each borderline of the map into the cells traversed by its corresponding line segment. Based on the pre-processing result, the neighbouring borderlines of a study point can be directly obtained through the neighbouring cells of the point, and the borderlines in a definite direction can be simply acquired through the cells traversed by the half line as well. As a result, the processing step does not need to enumerate all the borderlines of the map when determining whether a point is on a borderline or finding the nearest intersection between a half line and the borderlines. Furthermore, we implement the algorithm for determining fetch length in coastal environment. Once the pre-processing is done, the algorithm can work in a complex archipelago environment such as to calculate the fetch lengths in multiple directions, to determine the inclusion property of a point, and to deal with the singularity of a study point on a borderline.     

A method to dynamically subdivide parcels in land use change models

Spatial simulation models have become a popular tool in studying land use/land cover (LULC) change. An important, yet largely overlooked process in such models is the land subdivision, which is known to govern LULC change and landscape restructuring to a large extent. To fill this gap, we propose an efficient and straightforward method to simulate dynamic land subdivision in LULC change models. Key features in the proposed method are implementing a hierarchical landscape where adjacent cells of the same LULC type form patches, patches form properties, and properties form the landscape and incorporating real subdivision layouts. Furthermore, we use a queue-based modified flood-fill algorithm to dynamically reset LULC patches following a subdivision. The proposed subdivision method is demonstrated in action using a prototype agent-based LULC model developed for an amenity landscape in Australia. Results show that it is computationally feasible to run the subdivision method even as spatial resolution is increased, thus providing a proven means for spatial simulation models to dynamically split parcel land.     

基于EMD的遥感影像数据组织模型

针对目前遥感数据组织以时间为基准、同一区域不同部门遥感数据标识不统一的现状,鉴于全球剖分网格具有多层次、全球覆盖、网格单元编码全球唯一性和对传统地图图幅的继承性等特点,介绍了基于地图分幅拓展的全球剖分模型EMD,提出以EMD剖分面片为单元、采用剖分面片编码标识并管理遥感数据及其相关资源的数据组织框架.试验分析表明,基于EMD的遥感影像数据组织可行,且基于剖分面片编码的数据检索具有较高效率.     

基于GeoSOT编码的多元灾害数据一体化组织管理方法研究

灾害信息数据来源广、格式复杂、关联性差、存储管理难度大,亟须建立一种多元灾害数据一体化组织管理方法.该文采用目前相对成熟的GeoSOT全球剖分网格模型,提出了基于“空间面片”统一组织管理多元灾害信息数据的方法.该方法对GeoSOT模型进行了两方面改进:1)根据灾害信息数据的空间属性特点采用21级剖分方案建立“空间面片”;2)直接使用数字对“空间面片”进行编码.为解决海量、多元灾害信息数据的快速查询检索问题,设计了“两次检索”的技术方案:第一次检索使用一维剖分格网编码代替传统的二维经纬度,提高了检索速度;第二次检索使用经纬度,剔除所选范围之外数据,提高了数据检索精度.采用World Wind数字地球开发了一个C/S架构的多元灾害数据一体化管理实验系统,以HJ1A/1B多光谱数据、GLCF影像产品数据和灾情统计报表数据为例,对该方法验证的结果表明,其能够有效地组织管理多元灾害信息数据,并实现对数据的快速查询检索,满足减灾救灾数据管理的业务需求.     

华南峡东地区埃迪卡拉（震旦）纪年代地层划分初探

华南峡东地区埃迪卡拉纪地层连续,出露完整,化石丰富,顶、底界线清楚,是世界上同时代地层最具代表性的序列之一,也是解决埃迪卡拉纪年代地层划分、竞争相关界线层型剖面的最理想地区之一。根据近年来峡东地区埃迪卡拉系的同位素年代学、生物地层学和化学地层学等方面的研究积累,本文以生物地层序列(生物演化阶段)为基础标志,以碳稳定同位素组成的重要变化界面为辅助标志,对峡东地区埃迪卡拉纪地层进行年代地层的划分,提出2统5阶方案。下统名称建议用峡东统,下分九龙湾阶和陈家园子阶;上统名称建议用扬子统,下分吊崖坡阶、第四阶和第五阶。在此基础上,根据生物地层和碳稳定同位素地层学的特征,初步探讨了与其他地区埃迪卡拉系的对比关系。这一划分和对比方案只是目前研究的阶段性认识,更完整的划分对比意见还有待今后的进一步完善。     

复杂河流相地层单砂体级沉积时间单元对比方法

采用“重点井沉积时间单元划分”—“标准层控制、参照层借鉴对比”—“切叠河流定界”—“平面井网对比”这一对比方法,可以很好地解决复杂河流相地层沉积时间单元精细对比的难题,采用该方法对大庆长坦喇嘛甸油田目的层301口开发井进行了沉积时间单元的划分与对比,在此基础上精细刻画了SⅢ各沉积时间单元单砂体的分布范围,把原来认为的大...     

渤海复杂断块油藏精细挖潜的实践与认识

位于渤海的渤西复杂断块油田群由4个储量均为约1 000×10^4m^3的复杂断块油田组成。油田群内部断层发育,含油层系多,油气水关系复杂。经过长期衰竭开发,地层能量下降快、各层采出不均衡、剩余油分布复杂,开发效果逐渐变差。为了解决开发过程中出现的诸多突出矛盾,通过动静结合、精细地质研究寻找剩余油;通过晚期加强注水、细分开发层系缓解层间矛盾;通过老井上返、滚动勘探开发等方法实现产量接替。这些方法的研究与应用,延长了海上老油田的开发寿命,提高油田采收率5%～12%,对于海上复杂断块油田的精细挖潜和高产稳产具有重要的指导作用。     

Phylogeography of New Zealand's coastal benthos

During the past 30 years, 42 molecular studies have been undertaken in New Zealand to examine the phylogeography of coastal benthic invertebrates and plants. Here, we identify generalities and/or patterns that have emerged from this research and consider the processes implicated in generating genetic structure within populations. Studies have used various molecular markers and examined taxonomic groups with a range of life histories and dispersal strategies. Genetic disjunctions have been identified at multiple locations, with the most frequently observed division occurring between northern and southern populations at the top of the South Island. Although upwelling has been implicated as a cause of this disjunction, oceanographic evidence is lacking and alternative hypotheses exist. A significant negative correlation between larval duration and genetic differentiation (r² = 0.39, P < 0.001, n = 29) across all studies suggests that larval duration might be used as a proxy for dispersal potential. However, among taxa with short larval durations (<10 days) there was greater variability in genetic differentiation than among taxa with longer pelagic periods. This variability implies that when larval duration is short, other factors may determine dispersal and connectivity among populations. Although there has been little congruence between the phylogeographic data and recognised biogeographic regions, recent research has resolved population subdivision at finer spatial scales corresponding more closely with existing biogeographic classifications. The use of fast‐evolving and ecologically significant molecular markers in hypothesis‐driven research could further improve our ability to detect population subdivision and identify the processes structuring marine ecosystems.     

航海图书编辑系统设计与实现

在简要分析航海图书编辑设计和海图生产流程管理现状的基础上,详细论述了航海图书编辑系统的结构、功能和数据库建设,设计了基于ArcEngine的资料可视化分析和示意图制作,实现了海图生产流程的电子审批与管理,归纳了系统开发的关键技术。