The rate of grain release by pore-ice sublimation in cold-aeolian environments

Pore‐ice sublimation is a prerequisite for aeolian activity in cold environments where surface sediments hold significant amounts of frozen water. Few quantitative studies have defined the rate of grain release from cemented surfaces by pore‐ice sublimation. In 1996–1997, controlled field experiments at Presqu'ile Beach, Ontario, were implemented to measure sediment release from frozen surfaces. The release rates were compared to the local wind regime, ambient temperature and humidity. In additional field experiments, the effect of sediment water content on grain release by sublimation was examined. From the experimental results, an equation which predicts grain release based on local wind speed, ground temperature, humidity, and surface water content is proposed. Predicted release rates show reasonable agreement with natural deflation measured on the beach at Presqu'ile Provincial Park.     

2003 - 08 - 24 咸阳市大暴雨过程分析

利用高空、地面天气图、红外云图、多普勒雷达图等资料对临汾市2004年6月16日局地降雹的天气背景、形势演变、层结稳定度、云图和雷达回波等变化特征进行了综合分析，结合以往冰雹预报经验对新一代雷达的探测能力进行了初步检验。分析发现，这次降雹过程属典型的西北冷涡影响型，此类型降雹相对于西北气流型和西风槽型降雹具有其自身特征；从多普勒速度图上，可分析出降雹过程中飑线前后较明显的中尺度天气系统。     

Weak ENSO Asymmetry Due to Weak Nonlinear Air–Sea Interaction in CMIP5 Climate Models

State-of-the-art climate models have long-standing intrinsic biases that limit their simulation and projection capabilities.Significantly weak ENSO asymmetry and weakly nonlinear air–sea interaction over the tropical Pacific was found in CMIP5(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5) climate models compared with observation. The results suggest that a weak nonlinear air–sea interaction may play a role in the weak ENSO asymmetry. Moreover, a weak nonlinearity in air–sea interaction in the models may be associated with the biases in the mean climate—the cold biases in the equatorial central Pacific. The excessive cold tongue bias pushes the deep convection far west to the western Pacific warm pool region and suppresses its development in the central equatorial Pacific. The deep convection has difficulties in further moving to the eastern equatorial Pacific, especially during extreme El Ni o events, which confines the westerly wind anomaly to the western Pacific. This weakens the eastern Pacific El Ni o events, especially the extreme El Ni o events, and thus leads to the weakened ENSO asymmetry in climate models. An accurate mean state structure(especially a realistic cold tongue and deep convection) is critical to reproducing ENSO events in climate models. Our evaluation also revealed that ENSO statistics in CMIP5 climate models are slightly improved compared with those of CMIP3. The weak ENSO asymmetry in CMIP5 is closer to the observation. It is more evident in CMIP5 that strong ENSO activities are usually accompanied by strong ENSO asymmetry, and the diversity of ENSO amplitude is reduced.     

2008年初冷事件对南海北部夏季浮游动物的影响

2008年初,我国南方出现了罕见的低温冰冻极端天气过程。通过对2007年8月和2008年8月南海北部现场调查所获得的数据分析研究了浮游动物种类组成。结果表明,与2007年8月相比2008年8月浮游动物丰度和生物量有很大的下降。聚类分析结果表明浮游动物群落被分为近岸和远海两大类群。浮游动物近岸类群和远岸类群的分界点在不同的时间有所不同,这是由于外海水向近岸的入侵所致。与2007年8月相比,2008年8月浮游动物优势种发生了很大的演替,主要是因为四种浮游动物优势种亚强真哲水蚤、异尾宽水蚤、锥形宽水蚤和小哲水蚤丰度急剧下降所致。相反,水母类和海樽类丰富有很大的升高,其原因可能是2008年春季极端低温导致的鱼类大量死亡所致。与远岸浮游动物群落相比,近岸浮游动物群落变化更剧烈,这说明近岸浮游动物群落结构不稳定。南海北部浮游动物群落结构的变化与2008年初的冷事件有很大关系。     

中尺度数值模式中湿过程参数化的敏感性试验

本文利用一个三维中尺度模式，分别采用两种不同的湿过程处理方案ＦＰＡ和ＮＣＡ模拟同一个洋面冷锋个例，以考察模拟结果对湿过程参数化方案的敏感性。两种方案的区别在于前一种使用了次网格湿对流参数化而后者没有。通过比较分别使用ＦＰＡ和ＮＣＡ方案所进行的模拟ＦＰＳ和ＮＣＳ，发现冷锋结构在两者间出现较大差异。从８５０ hPa等压面|Δθe|等值线图所显示的结构看，ＮＣＳ中冷锋呈现为一长一短两条锋带，而ＦＰＳ中冷锋仅呈现为一条锋带。在相应的冷锋横向垂直剖面中，ＮＣＳ中存在两个相邻的锋面垂直环流，而ＦＰＳ中只有一个。另外，ＮＣＳ中对流不稳定的冷锋区出现垂直运动过分发展的现象，而ＦＰＳ中不存在这个问题。通过与卫星云图比较，我们注意到，ＮＣＳ中尽管出现了垂直运动过分发展的现象，但相对于ＦＰＳ而言，其模拟的冷锋结构与实际较为接近，成功地模拟出云图上显示的双冷锋结构。ＮＣＳ中垂直运动过分发展的一个重要原因是模式中采用的静力平衡近似。ＦＰＳ中次网格对流参数化方案的使用，通过减少甚至消除对流不稳定度，一方面使垂直运动的过分发展倾向受到约束，另一方面也可能使在对流不稳定层结下的锋区环境中本应出现的中尺度结构失去了形成的机会。     

渤海大型底栖动物次级生产力的初步研究

1998年 9月和 1999年 4月分别对渤海 2 0个站进行了大型底栖动物两个航次的调查取样。整个研究海域大型底栖动物年次级生产力平均值为 6 .4 9g(AFDW) /(m2 · a) ,其中渤海海峡以东海域较高 ,为 12 .5 9g(AFDW) /(m2· a) ;渤海中部为 4 .4 6 g(AFDW) /(m2· a) ,渤海大型底栖动物年平均 P/B为 0 .82     

北京一次罕见夜间突发性强增温事件成因分析

夜间降温是正常的地表气温日变化,但统计表明北京及周边地区冬半年时常出现入夜后气温不降反升的现象,甚至出现了小时升温超过10℃的剧烈增温事件。这种增温具有明显的突发性,且很快转为降温,常对业务预报造成困扰。2010年11月26日夜间冷锋过境该区域造成了最强达12℃·h^-1的夜间急剧增温事件,与气候统计结果相比,该次增温幅度和影响区域范围非常罕见且极端。文章对其进行了详细诊断分析,使用的资料包括自动气象站、常规地面和探空、铁塔、卫星、风廓线雷达等观测资料和美国环境预报中心(NCEP)最终分析资料。分析结果表明:该次过程对流层低层有非常显著的冷平流;垂直速度诊断、卫星和风廓线雷达观测都表明,对流层中低层都存在显著的强下沉运动;铁塔观测和北京探空观测演变都表明增温过程中近地面大气有显著的湍流运动。分析此次罕见过程的机理包括三个方面:高原地区地面位温显著高于平原地区(二者最大可差10 K),是该次罕见增温事件形成的首要条件;强下沉运动使得低密度高位温空气强迫下沉到边界层,是增温必要条件;强湍流混合作用则是地面空气增温的必要机制。估算结果表明,边界层急流伴随的强湍流混合可引起约8℃的罕见地面空气增温。最后,给出了该次事件的机理概念模型。     

Study on Formation Mechanisms of Heavy Rainfall Within the Meiyu Along the Mid-Lower Yangtze River and Theories and Methods of Their Detection and Prediction

As the project of National Key Basic Research Development Program: Research on Formation Mechanisms and Predictive Theories of Major Weather Disasters in China has been fulfilled by 5-yr efforts of Chinese scientists, achieving results of great significance are as follows: 1) development of multi-scale physical models for Meiyu frontal heavy rainfall based on a range of real-time observations; 2) construction of synoptic models for such heavy rainfall; 3) the Meiyu front found to consist of multi-scale systems that represent a subtropical front, which shears structural features of an extratropical front and ITCZ, displaying sometimes a bi-front feature in the mid-lower Yangtze Basin (MLYB). The positive feedback between pre-frontal wet physical processes and over-front strong convective activities as well as interactions among multi-scale systems of the Meiyu front act as the important mechanism for the maintenance and development of the Meiyu front; 4) proposal of theories and methods for quantitative retrieval of multiple mesoscale torrential rains from satellite remote sensings, leading to a line of products; 5) investigation of applicable theories and techniques for retrieving the heavy rainfall system's 3D structure from dual-Doppler synchronous detectings; and 6) development of a system for meso heavy rainfall numerical prediction models with a 3D variational data assimilation scheme included, a tool that played an active role in flood combating and relief activities over the Huaihe River Basin (HRB) in 2003.     

大庆杏南地区葡Ⅰ组三角洲前缘储层的非均质性

当油田主力油层进入高含水期时,非主力油层接替主力油层将成为必然趋势。三角洲前缘亚相储层非均质性较强,一直以来被作为非主力油层。为提高非主力油层的储量动用程度,必须精细研究三角洲前缘亚相储层非均质性特征,查明剩余油分布规律,从而有效指导油田开发的调整挖潜。利用密井网、岩矿鉴定等资料对杏南地区葡I油层组前缘亚相储层进行研究,将三角洲前缘细分为枝状、朵状、席状3种类型,详细分析了不同沉积环境下砂体的成因类型,描述了不同类型砂体在平面上、空间上的展布特征和组合关系,不同砂体内部性质的差异以及砂体内部微观孔隙结构的类型和分布特征,从平面、层间、层内以及微观特征等方面研究了三角洲前缘储层的非均质性。在此基础上分析了储层非均质性对剩余油分布的影响,指出不同三角洲前缘储层中剩余油的富集位置。     

杂色龙虾线粒体基因组全序列的测定与分析

为了解杂色龙虾(Panulirus versicolor)线粒体基因组多态位点及遗传变异,对龙虾类的分类研究奠定基础,作者通过常规PCR步移扩增法获得杂色龙虾线的线粒体基因组全序列,分析了其线粒体基因组的基本特征以及基因排列情况,并结合中国龙虾(Panulirus stimposni)、波纹龙虾(Panulirus homarus)线粒体基因组全序列,综合分析了龙虾属线粒体编码基因多态位点及基因变异状况。结果表明:杂色龙虾线粒体基因组全序列为15 700 bp,由13个蛋白质编码基因、22个t RNA基因、2个r RNA基因和D-loop区组成,保持了泛甲壳动物线粒体基因组的原始排列。杂色龙虾线粒体DNA的碱基组成具有AT偏好性,A+T含量为67%,4种碱基的含量分别为(A=34.6%,T=32.1%,C=20.5%,G=12.8%)。预测了杂色龙虾18个t RNA以及2个r RNA的二级结构。龙虾属线粒体基因组中的nad 2、nad 5基因以及D-loop区的多态位点比例较高,适合作为分子标记用于龙虾类系统进化关系、种内多态性以及遗传分化等方面的研究。