大气环流的季节突变与季风的建立Ⅰ.基本理论方法和气候场分析

将曾庆存等提出的大气环流的季节划分和计算季风的理论方法作了改进,使之更便于研究季风的建立过程.该理论方法将环流突变和季风建立时段,其"变差度"和与其前和其后场的"相似度"等由空间场的泛函随时间的变化(即数学名词上的"流"[flow])一起求出来.研究Ⅰ先分析气候平均场,Ⅱ分析各个别年份的情况及年际变化.研究Ⅰ的结果表明:(1)该方法可以客观定量地定出"突变"时段的关键日期;与季风建立过程联系,即是季风建立的"预兆日期",它比人们用天气-气候学方法(甚至用别的气象要素)定出的可以明显感觉到的或有明显实用价值的"季风来临日期"要早2至4天.(2)在北半球亚澳季风系统区域,夏季风的来临在许多关键地区伴有明显的环流突变,建立和推进者很快,但也有许多区域不表现为当地环流的突变,推进速度也慢.(3)北半球亚澳季风系统低空的热带季风分支,在6月中以前可明确区分为3个子系统,(a)西太平洋暖池和邻近低纬区域,4月中下旬建立;(b)热带东北印度洋(北界与孟加拉湾相邻,但不包括其在内)及索马里东边海洋,4月末至5月初建立;和(c)南海区域,5月上旬从南到5月下旬到北部.南海夏季风向北推进最快,于5月末候即可达北回归线附近,然后与暖池西北区域风场的突变一起,于6月中旬影响到东亚30°N区域;印度洋季风于6月初到达印度半岛东南端,然后逐渐推向印-巴次大陆.7月中以后,热带季风才连成一片,由非洲东岸直至长江下游和菲律宾附近.副热带季风分支于6月中旬可以感到其影响,于7、8月盛行于东亚和西太平洋区域,且结构和演变都比较复杂;6～7月间只表现为在(5～20°N,120～150°E)区域有强的环流突变(与副高增强并北移对应),7月中至8月底,则在上述区域和沿30°N的长江下游和日本以南的洋面上有3个强的环流突变中心(对应于副高又一次增强北移和西伸).这里暂不讨论温寒带季风分支.(4)季风具有鲜明的三度空间斜压结构,尤其是在低空季风"爆发"之前,平流层早已有强的环流突变,季节调整完成,然后突变向下延伸(虽然强度大减),跟着就有当地的低空季风"爆发"(建立).平流层和对流层环流的相互作用及其与季风建立的关系很值得进一步研究.     

土地利用和水环境因子对大型底栖动物次级生产力的影响:以东北地区连环湖为例

土地利用和水环境因子是影响湖泊生态系统的关键因素,探究大型底栖动物次级生产力受环境因子的作用机制,可揭示底栖动物栖息地的生态系统与外源环境的关系。为了解土地利用和水环境因子对大型底栖动物次级生产力的影响,2020年对连环湖13个主要湖泊的土地利用类型及6、8和10月的大型底栖动物、水环境因子进行调查,共采集到大型底栖动物75种,隶属于3门32科56属,其中优势种属及重要种属以摇蚊幼虫和腹足纲为主,前突摇蚊(Procladius sp.)为第一优势种。主成分分析表明,土地利用及水环境因子具备明显的时空梯度,而大型底栖动物次级生产力也存在明显的时空变化。春季、夏季、秋季次级生产力和P/B值分别为5.65、6.06、4.31 g/(m²·a)和2.74、2.55、2.40 a^-1,其中春季次级生产力集中于东北部湖区,龙虎泡集中于湖心区;夏季次级生产力逐渐向各湖区扩散,龙虎泡整体偏低;秋季次级生产力集中于西北部及东南部湖区,龙虎泡集中于东北部湖区。P/B值随季节的推移呈现由东部湖区向西部湖区逐渐递增的趋势,而龙虎泡始终集中于南部湖区。次级生产力和P/B值的结构分析表明,春季次级生产力主要由腹足纲构成,进入夏、秋季后以双壳纲对次级生产力的贡献最高。其中腹足纲、双壳纲、摇蚊幼虫和寡毛纲次级生产力主要集中于北部湖区、东南部湖区、中部湖区和龙虎泡,而甲壳纲仅出现于阿木塔泡。寡毛纲和双壳纲P/B 值随季节的推移逐渐降低,摇蚊幼虫和腹足纲P/B 值呈先升后降的趋势。通径分析表明,pH、人造地表和叶绿素a是影响年均大型底栖动物次级生产力的关键环境因子。典范对应分析表明,总磷和电导率是影响不同季节大型底栖动物次级生产力的重要环境变量。耕地、人造地表与总磷、电导率和悬浮物呈显著正相关,农业生产和城镇建设的增加是连环湖呈富营养化状态的重要原因,且此现象已对大型底栖动物次级生产力形成威胁。未来应通过控制农业面源污染、秸秆腐熟还田、鼓励粪便施肥、科学规划用地等措施改善连环湖流域的生态环境,以促进大型底栖动物资源合理的开发利用。     

再论盐源模范村喜马拉雅期斑岩铜矿床地质特征及找矿前景

该矿床具有典型斑岩铜矿特征,成岩的多期次构成复式岩体,断裂构造控制的隐爆碎裂岩筒为成矿提供了通道和沉积场所.多期次成矿,特别是次生富集作用形成达中型规模的Ⅰ号矿体,影响次生富集带发育的F7断裂带起了重要作用.总结出适合本区斑岩群特点的找矿标志和提出的找矿靶区,对开展新一轮普查找矿具有现实意义.     

西双版纳热带次生林林窗辐射特征初步研究

利用西双版纳不同季节热带次生林林窗、林内及旷地不同波长太阳辐射的实测资料,比较分析了热带次生林窗不同波长辐射特征。分析得出：热带次生林窗中央与北侧林冠下的不同波长太阳辐射量值在中午前后迅速达到最大后又急速下降的现象明显;林窗内不同波长太阳辐射日总量值均大于林内,小于旷地;林窗中央和北侧林冠下相比较。一般是北侧林冠下的各辐射要素总量值高于林窗中央;林窗区域的总辐射日总量在干热季最高,雨季和雨季后期次之,雾凉季时最小;林窗中央和北侧林冠下的红外辐射及可见光在总辐射中所占份额随季节的变化而不同,充分显示了林窗辐射环境的异质性;与旷地和林内相比,林窗内各测点的红外辐射在总辐射中所占份额高于旷地却低于林内,而可见光占总辐射的比值情况正好相反。     

渤海湾盆地西部凹陷南段成岩相分析与优质储层预测

储层实测孔隙度、普通薄片、铸体薄片和扫描电镜的资料表明,渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷西部凹陷南段新生界储层在纵向上发育三个次生孔隙带。从而在一个普遍低孔渗背景下,形成了孔隙度相对较高的优质储层。优质储层的形成和分布主要受沉积微相和成岩作用的影响与控制。他们形成于河口坝、辫状分流河道以及心滩沉积微相,目前处于早成岩阶段B期—中成岩阶段A1亚期,发育溶蚀成岩相。该文通过模拟古地温、镜质组反射率、甾烷异构化率和自生石英含量随时间的变化规律,预测了西部凹陷南段成岩阶段和成岩相的横向展布。通过成岩相图和沉积相图的叠合,预测了沙三中亚段优质储层的分布。预测结果表明,优质储层主要发育于斜坡区的中部。     

伊通软土的次固结特性

为了合理计算软土地基的沉降量,对软土的次固结特性及影响因素进行研究。采用分级加荷的方法,对伊通软土进行了压缩固结试验。结果表明：伊通软土的应变速率和时间双对数曲线具有相关性;随着固结压力的增大,次固结系数C_a先迅速增大至最小值的3倍,达到峰值后逐步减小至峰值的15%,达到稳定;次固结系数C_a与压缩指数C_c具有一定的线性相关性,C_a/C_c值在0.030~0.043之间;次固结系数C_a随时间的增加呈对数下降趋势,随着时间的增长,C_a下降,最终其最小值达到最大值的72.3%。本文的研究结果可以对伊通地区软土地基的变形与沉降预测提供一定的参考。     

Diagenesis and reservoir quality of sandstones with ancient “deep” incursion of meteoric freshwater——An example in the Nanpu Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,East China

An example of diagenesis and reservoir quality of buried sandstones with ancient incursion of meteoric freshwater is presented in this study. The interpretation is based on information including porosity and permeability, petrography, stable isotopic composition of authigenic minerals, homogenization temperatures (T_h) of aqueous fluid inclusions (AFIs), and pore water chemistry. These sandstones, closely beneath or far from the regional unconformity formed during the late Paleogene period, are located in the thick Shahejie Formation in the Gaoliu area of Nanpu Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, East China. Early-diagenetic calcite cements were leached to form intergranular secondary pores without precipitation of late-diagenetic calcite cements in most sandstones. Feldspars were leached to form abundant intragranular secondary pores, but with small amounts of concomitant secondary minerals including authigenic quartz and kaolinite. The mass imbalance between the amount of leached minerals and associated secondary minerals suggests that mineral leaching reactions occurred most likely in an open geochemical system, and diagenetic petrography textures suggest that advective flow dominated the transfer of solutes from leached feldspars and calcites. Low salinity and ion concentrations of present pore waters, and extensive water rock interactions suggest significant incursion of meteoric freshwater flux in the sandstones. Distances of the sandstones to the regional unconformity can reach up to 1800 m, while with significant uplift in the Gaoliu area, the burial depth of such sandstones (below sea level) can be less than 800–1000 m during the uplift and initial reburial stage. Significant uplift during the Oligocene period provided substantial hydraulic drive and widely developed faults served as favorable conduits for downward penetration of meteoric freshwater from the earth's surface (unconformity) to these sandstone beds. Extensive feldspar leaching has been occurring since the uplift period. Coupled high T_h (95∼115 °C) of AFI and low δ¹⁸O_(SMOW) values (+17∼+20‰) within the quartz overgrowths show that quartz cementation occurred in the presence of diagenetic modified meteoric freshwater with δ¹⁸O_(SMOW) values of −7∼−2‰, indicating that authigenic quartz only have been formed during the late reburial stage when meteoric fresh water penetration slowed down. Secondary pores in thin sections and tested porosity suggest that meteoric freshwater leaching of feldspars and calcite minerals generated approximately 7–10% enhanced secondary porosity in these sandstones. Meteoric freshwater leaching reactions cannot be ignored in similar sandstones that located deep beneath the unconformity, with great uplift moving these sandstones above or close to sea level and with faults connecting the earth's surface with the sandstone beds.     

Biotite Reference Materials for Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry 18O/16O Measurements

Five new biotite reference materials were calibrated at the SwissSIMS laboratory (University of Lausanne) for oxygen isotope determination by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and are available to the scientific community. The oxygen isotope composition of the biotites, UNIL_B1 to B5, was determined by laser‐heating fluorination to be 11.4 ± 0.11‰, 8.6 ± 0.15‰, 6.1 ± 0.04‰, 7.1 ± 0.05‰ and 7.6 ± 0.04‰, respectively. SIMS analyses on spots smaller than 20 μm gave a measurement repeatability of 0.3‰ (2 standard deviation, 2s). The matrix effect due to solid solution in natural biotite could be expressed as a linear function of X_Mg and X_F for biotite. No effect was found for different crystallographic orientations. SIMS analysis allows the oxygen isotope composition of biotite to be measured with a measurement uncertainty of 0.3–0.4‰ (2s) for biotites with similar major element compositions. A measurement uncertainty of 0.5‰ (2s) is realistic when F poor biotites (lower than 0.2% m/m oxides) within the compositional range of X_Mg of 0.3–0.9 were compared from different sessions. The linear correlation with F content offers a reasonable working curve for F‐rich biotites, but additional reference materials are needed to confirm the model.     

基于磁偶极子的频率域电磁系统几何误差分析

基于磁偶极子模型的频率域电磁法仪器在进行大地探测的过程中,由于收发线圈的安装误差、晃动以及材料的几何形变等因素影响,收发线圈的位置及姿态角发生变化,从而产生几何误差,而几何误差的定量分析对频率域电磁法仪器在制作、野外实验操作以及校正方面均具有很强的指导意义。本文根据误差来源的不同,将几何误差分为一次场误差和二次场误差两类;通过引入一次场张量矩阵和二次场张量矩阵,基于均匀大地模型正演得到9种线圈架构接收线圈接收到的一次场及二次场,并以微分的方式定量地分析了9种线圈架构收发线圈位置及姿态角变化引起几何误差的变化特征。对9种线圈架构的几何误差分析可知:在几何形变引入的一次场误差中,仅有PERyz、PERzy线圈架构不包含位置变化的一次项误差,仅有VCA、VCP及HCP线圈架构不包含姿态角变化的一次项误差;在几何形变引入的二次场误差中,PERzx、PERxz线圈架构最大,而VCA、VCP及HCP线圈架构受高度及收发距变化的影响很大,需要实时测量并进行校正,VCP线圈架构受收发距变化以及姿态角变化的影响最小。