Effects of the number of stations and time resolution on derivation

For at least 30 years now it has been well known that the Dst index can be modelled using the solar wind as input. Since then, many attempts have been made to improve the predictability of Dst using different approaches. These attempts are useful, for instance, to understand which features of the solar wind–magnetosphere interactions are most important in producing magnetospheric activity and how the Dst index would improve the space weather forecast. The Dst index is by far the most reliable and simple indication that a magnetic storm is in progress. In this work, the effect of using more than four magnetic stations and shorter time intervals than the hourly averages used in Sugiura's procedures is evaluated. The discussion is based on the results presented by Burton in 1975 and Feldstein in 1984 considering 4 or 12 magnetic stations and time averages of 2.5 min for a magnetic disturbed period that occurred from February 7–28, 1967, including two geomagnetic storms. The analysis has shown that the global representation of a magnetic storm by the standard Dst (Sugiura) is well preserved either using 4, 6, 12 magnetic stations or using 1 h, 2.5 min 1 min averages. A brief review of the current understanding of Dst has been included to support the discussions. The analysis performed has shown that a more refined Dst index (time and number of stations>4) would be useful to investigate the intrinsic processes and the different current systems involved in the ring current development during magnetic storms; the standard Dst, as it is conceived, is quite adequate to monitor geomagnetic storms and identify their overall features; concerning the magnetic stations normally considered, the inclusion of higher magnetic latitude stations (>35) may underestimate the observed Dst.     

Unstable kinetic Alfvén wave in partially ionized plasma

The stability of kinetic Alfven waves is discussed for a partially ionized plasma with a flux of ionizing electrons which balance the plasma particle losses. Accidental electromagnetic perturbations are shown to be unstable due to the energy change of ionizing electrons.     

Teaching and Tragedy: Lessons from a Population and GIS workshop in Cambodia

Abstract

Long-term collection of soil temperature with depth is important when studying climate change. The international program GLOBE® provides an excellent opportunity to collect such data, although currently endorsed temperature collection protocols need to be refined. To enhance data quality, protocol-based methodology and automated data logging, along with other physical data, were used to collect soil temperature to a depth of one meter. Data show that diurnal and shallow variation ceases at around 50 cm depth. Therefore the need to incorporate deeper depths into the current protocols for heat flux calculations is warranted. The manual methodology was also found to give representative data.     

关于旅游学几个基础问题的探讨

依据权威工具书中关于相关概念的界定,对旅游学的学科属性及旅游学方法论等重要的基础问题逐一进行分析,认为旅游学具备成为科学的条件,属于交叉学科中的综合学科;辨析了旅游学与相关学科关于研究对象、研究方法、理论内容的关系,最后就旅游学方法论的问题展开讨论。     

Time and Practice: Learning to Become a Geographer

Abstract

Illustrated Dictionary of Place Names: United States and Canada. By Kelsie B. Harder. New York: Van Nostrand, 1976. Pp. xiv + 631, $18.95.

Middle America: Its Lands and Peoples. 2nd ed. By Robert C. West and John P. Augelli. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1976. Pp. xvii + 494, $14.95.

Contemporary Africa: Geography and Change. Edited by C. Gregory Knight and James L. Newman. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1976. Pp. xiv + 546, $14.95.

Atlas of Mexico. By Stanley A. Arbingast et al. 2nd ed. Austin, Tex.: Bureau of Business Research, University of Texas, 1975. Pp. ix + 165, $15.00.

Readings in Social Geography. Edited by Emrys Jones. London: Oxford University Press, 1975. Pp. 328, $18.50 and $6.95.

California: Patterns on the Land. 5th ed. By Robert Durrenberger and Robert Johnson. A California Council for Geographic Education Publication. Palo Alto, Calif.: Mayfield Publishing, 1976. Pp. viii + 134, $6.95.

Studying China in Elementary and Secondary Schools, Studying India in Elementary and Secondary Schools, and Studying Japan in Elementary and Secondary Schools. By Leonard S. Ken-worthy. World Affairs Guides. New York: Teachers College Press, 1975. Pp. 68, iii + 67, and iii + 65, $2.75 each.

World Regional Geography: A Question of Place. By Paul Ward English and James Andrew Miller. Harper &; Row Series in Geography. New York: Harper &; Row, 1977. Pp. xiii + 591, $15.95.

Census Data: Geographic Significance and Classroom Utility. Edited by Borden D. Dent. Tualatin, Oreg.: Geographic and Area Study Publications, 1976. Pp. ix + 277.

The Middle East: A Geographical Study. By Peter Beaumont, Gerald H. Blake, and Malcolm J. Wagstaff. London: John Wiley &; Sons, 1976. Pp. xvii + 572, $25.50 and $14.95.

Man's Economic Environment. By Edgar C. Conklingand Maurice Yeates. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1976. Pp. xi + 308, $11.95.

Applied Climatology: An Introduction. 2nd ed. By John F. Griffiths. New York/London: Oxford University Press, 1976. Pp. xiii + 136, $9.00.

Man and the Environment: Regional Perspectives. Edited by J. H. Holmes. Hawthorn, Victoria: Longman Australia Pty Limited, 1976. Pp. vi + 261, $7.95.

Introduction to Cultural Geography. 5th ed. By Henry M. Kendall, Robert M. Glendinning, Clifford H. MacFadden, and Craig H. MacFadden. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976. Pp. xx + 449, $12.95.

Interpretation of Aerial Photographs. 3rd ed. By Thomas Eugene Avery. Minneapolis, Minn.: Burgess Publishing Company, 1977. Pp. xi + 392, $14.95.

Geography of the U.S.S.R. 3rd ed. By Paul Lydolph. New York: John Wiley &; Sons, 1977. Pp. xi + 495, $18.95.     

Public opinions on biological diversity in Norway: Politics,science, or culture?

Loss of biological diversity is among the most pressing environmental problems facing modern societies. Whereas today much is known about peoples' opinions on climate change, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding how people asses the issue of biological diversity. The article represents a step towards a better understanding of public opinions on the issue of biodiversity, and hence also of the prerequisites and possibilities for a more or less vigorous or legitimate policy on this issue. The analyses show that social background matters for concern about biodiversity, but only to a certain extent: women are less negative towards biodiversity protection than men, the older segments of the population, at least in Norway, are less concerned with biodiversity, and education has only a marginal effect. Hence, to a large extent, political attitudes matter and indicate that concern for biodiversity seems to work by various types of available heuristics whereby a given case is linked to political understandings of other and similar and/or familiar issues. The inclusion of other political variables (local decision-making) and what the authors label ‘cultural variables’ (e.g. view of nature and trust in science) seem also to matter decisively for attitudes towards biodiversity.     

江门地区雷电灾害易损性研究

通过对江门地区三区（蓬江、江海和新会）四市（鹤山、开平、恩平和台山）等7个区域城市雷暴易损性进行研究．提出有关描述雷暴易损性的新的指标和方法,并进行易损性区划。     

贵港市气象科技服务发展存在的问题与对策

通过对贵港市气象科技服务现状和存在问题的分析总结,提出发展气象科技服务的建议和措施。     

气象防灾减灾科普栏目《风云纪录》的设计与实现

自然灾害公众教育可以提高全社会的灾害意识和忧患意识,增加公众的灾害知识,提高面对灾害的自救和互救能力,从而减少灾害的损失。为充分发挥电视在普及气象防灾减灾知识中的作用,依托已经发生或者新近发生的灾害事件,在纪实拍摄的基础上,充分利用数字媒体技术,设计了气象防灾减灾科普栏目《风云纪录》。节目采用故事化叙事手段,关注灾害事件中的受灾群体,将致灾的自然力量与社会人文因素交织在一起,把自然变化放在社会环境之中,气象专家、灾害专家和社会学者对灾害事件详细解读,使观众对灾害的认识更全面更深刻。对于抽象的知识、科学原理等,采用动画演示,以求通俗易懂。灾害纪实画面、灾害亲历者的现场采访、动画、解说、音乐、音效等表现形式经数字音视频编辑技术协调平衡,既真实生动,又具科普价值。自2003年以来,在栏目设计指导下,已经拍摄制作了200余期节目,通过各种播放,发挥了良好的科普效益,也为进一步做好气象灾害专题教育积累了经验。     

History of the Limnological Institutes at Lake Constance

This contribution tells the history of the limnological institutes, which were founded at the shores of Lake Constance. The history starts in the late 19th century examining the scientific and personal background of two institutes, the “Anstalt für Bodenseeforschung” in Konstanz-Staad (no longer existing) and the “Institut für Seenforschung und Seenbewirtschaftung” in Langenargen, both founded in 1919/1920. It follows the turbulent history of the institutes during the early 20th century, the 3rd Reich, and the Federal Republic of Germany and examines their competition until their unification in 1970. A third institute, the precursor of the current Limnological Institute of the University of Konstanz was founded in 1948 in the small Black Forest village Falkau, and moved to Konstanz in 1970. In addition, the role of leading limnologists of their time, e.g. Max Auerbach, Reinhard Demoll, Hans-Joachim Elster and August Thienemann in founding and shaping these institutes is described.