不同因素对人工岛波浪绕射影响研究

为研究人工岛尺度变化和波浪方向分布对人工岛绕射波浪的影响,基于MIKE21-BW模型应用数值方法模拟人工岛波浪绕射过程。数值结果与Briggs等的物理试验结果的对比表明两者吻合较好,验证了模型的适用性。在规则波条件时,圆形人工岛绕射波浪的数值结果与线性波浪绕射理论解基本一致;采用该模型分别模拟了6种尺度的圆形人工岛、单向不规则波和9种方向分布θ_(max)、4种谱峰周期条件时绕射波浪分布情况。分析结果表明,圆形人工岛绕射系数随着尺度的增加,掩护区绕射系数随之减小;θ_(max)在10°~45°范围内,随着θmax的增大,绕射系数随之增大,θ_(max)在45°~75°内绕射系数变化较小;随着谱峰周期的增加,绕射系数随之增大。研究成果既为相关规范的完善提供了基础,也为相关工程设计提供了参考。     

毛乌素沙区1961-2016年降水特征

基于毛乌素沙区10个气象站1961-2016年观测资料,应用Mann-Kendall方法和t检验法对各气象站年降水量进行了突变检验,借助小波分析讨论了各气象站年降水量的周期特征,根据降水量等值线划分结果对整个研究区分区分析了年、季、月和日尺度上的降水变化特征,并在两个时段上分析了季节性降水的差异。结果表明：毛乌素沙区年降水量空间特征差异明显,东部亚区呈上升趋势,中西部亚区呈下降趋势,但变化趋势不显著且无突变发生;降水年内分配不均,干湿季分明,降水集中在5-9月,夏秋季降水占全年降水比重大,季、月和日尺度降水量存在梯度递减变化;年降水量的年际变化过程存在多重时间尺度的自相似结构;近26年的冬春季降水增加显著,但降水波动幅度小于前30年。     

脉冲星时间尺度及其TOA预报初步分析

在简述国际天文学会(IAU)定义的几种不同时间尺度的基础上,重点讨论脉冲星计时观测中时间坐标相对论转换问题。脉冲星计时观测资料分析应该参考地球时TT,并将TT转换为质心坐标时TCB或质心力学时TDB。基于IAU重新定义的TDB,讨论和比较了时间坐标转换的解析算法和利用太阳系天体历表的数值积分算法。分析了TCB和TDB对脉冲星自转参数测量的影响。最后,以毫秒脉冲星PSR B1855+09的计时模型为例,初步分析了脉冲星脉冲到达时间的预报问题。     

板块俯冲带岩浆作用过程的研究

综合分析了板块俯冲带岩浆活动的物质来源、岩浆上涌直至喷出的地球化学过程以及与这些过程相对应的时间尺度等研究的进展,指出了目前研究中存在的主要问题,并建议我国在该领域开展相关的研究中应:1)首先利用独有的地理优势,以处于弧后扩张作用早期的冲绳海槽为研究对象,开展相关的调查与研究;2)积极引进先进的技术手段;3)通过加强国际合作,积极参与国际合作项目,拓展研究领域.     

Cost-effective network design for groundwater flow monitoring

The extensive use of groundwater resources has increased the need for developing cost-effective monitoring networks to provide an indication of the degree to which the subsurface environment has been affected by human activities. This study presents a cost-effective approach to the design of groundwater flow monitoring networks. The groundwater network design is formulated with two problem formats: maximizing the statistical monitoring power for specified budget constraint and minimizing monitoring cost for statistical power requirement. The statistical monitoring power constraint is introduced with an information reliability threshold value. A branch and bound technique is employed to select the optimal solution from a discrete set of possible network alternatives. The method is tested to the design of groundwater flow monitoring problem in the Pomona County, California.     

不同尺度条件下的土壤侵蚀实验监测及模型研究

土壤侵蚀的实验和监测是获取水土流失资料的重要手段,土壤侵蚀模型研究是水土保持规划、管理的重要内容。本文对点、小区、田间和坡面、流域及区域尺度条件下的土壤侵蚀的实验和监测研究进行了综述,分析了当前国际上实验研究和监测研究的侧重点及其不足;并对当前国际上土壤侵蚀模型的总体发展趋势进行了评述,特别分析了这些模型在全球气候变化背景下的作用;最后对当前土壤侵蚀、试验及检测研究作出展望。     

海洋风暴形成的一种动力学机制

文中从观测统计学、瞬变涡动能量学和 MM5中尺度数值模拟角度 ,研究了海洋风暴 (爆发性气旋 )形成的气候特征及其可能的动力学机制 ,揭示了一幅爆发性发展的物理图像。结果表明 ,在冷季大气特别是日本以东洋面上大气特有的热力气候背景下 ,通过同海洋风暴过程相联系的涡动热通量 vθ的向极地输送 (- vθ· θm>0 ) ,将季节尺度的时间平均有效位能向瞬变涡旋时间尺度的涡动有效位能转换 ,是海洋风暴形成的主要动力机制。在该过程中转换来的具有最大贡献的涡动有效位能 ,连同具有次大贡献的积云加热制造的涡动有效位能(q3 )一起 ,通过暖异常区 (α >0 )暖湿空气上升运动 (-ω >0 )的斜压转换 (-ωα) ,促使涡动动能增长。同时 ,补充的涡动有效位能又加强了暖异常区的暖湿空气上升运动 ,进而产生积云对流活动及其潜热释放的正反馈过程 ,最终导致涡动动能急剧增长和海洋风暴的形成。海-气潜热输送的作用是在风暴形成初期提供后来积云尺度对流活动及潜热释放的水汽潜力。研究还表明 ,海洋风暴主要发生在冷季月份 1 3 0°E以东的中高纬洋面上 ,这种对特定季节和特定海域的依赖性是大气和海洋气候背景的动力 /热力共同作用的结果     

Astronomical calibration of the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary: Consequences for magnetic remanence acquisition in marine carbonates and the Asian loess sequences

We have compiled 19 records from marine carbonate cores in which the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary (MBB) has been reasonably well constrained within the astronomically forced stratigraphic framework using oxygen isotopes. By correlation of the δ¹⁸O data to a timescale based on astronomical forcing, we estimate astronomical ages for each of the MBB horizons. In all but one record the MBB occurs within Stage 19.

Most magnetostratigraphic sections in Asian Loess place the MBB within a loess interval. Since loess deposition is presumed to be associated with glacial intervals, loess horizons should correspond to even-numbered oxygen isotope stages. A glacial age for the MBB is at odds with the results presented here, which firmly place the MBB within interglacial Stage 19. Inconsistency among the many loess sections and between the loess and the marine records suggests that the magnetic interpretation of loess sections may be more complicated than hitherto supposed.

The mean of the Stage 19 age estimates for the MBB is 777.9 ± 1.8 (N = 18). Inclusion of the single Stage 20 age results in a mean of 778.8 ± 2.5 (N = 19). The astronomical age estimate of the MBB compares favorably with an (unweighted) mean of 778.2 ± 3.5 (N = 10) from a compilation of ⁴⁰Ar/39^Ar results of transitional lava flows. Combining the two independent data sets yields a grand mean of 778.0 ± 1.7 (N = 28).

The new compilation shows virtually no trend in placement of the MBB within isotope Stage 19 as a function of sediment accumulation rate. We interpret this to mean that the average depth of remanence acquisition is within a few centimeters of the sediment-water interface.

Separating the cores into two geographic regions (an Indo-Pacific-Caribbean [IPC] Group and an Atlantic Group) results in a significant difference in the position of the mid-point of the reversal with respect to the astronomical time scale. The data presented here suggest a difference of several thousand years between the two regions. This observation could be caused by systematic differences between the two regions in sedimentation rate within the interval of interest, systematic differences in remanence acquisition, or by genuine differences in the timing of the directional changes between the two regions.     

CLIMATIC ANALYSIS OF IMPACTS OF THE TROPICAL CONVECTION IN WESTERN PACIFIC ON WESTERN PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH’S SHORT-TERM SCALES DURING BOREAL SUMMER*

Based on the multi-year average NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and NOAA's OLR data,the climatic characteristics of the tropical convection in tropical western Pacific and Indian Oceans as well as its relationship with western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) is shown as follows:on short-term scales,the tropical convection that has significant influence on western Pacific high's latitudinal movement is located in the area of the South China Sea to the Philippines,which is the 2-day precursor prior to WPSH's latitudinal fluctuation,that is,WPSH is shifting to north 2 days after the tropical convection becomes more active,and vice versa.Moreover,the tropical convection has less effect on WPSH's longitudinal movement.