基于三维遥感系统的泥石流土石量计算及影响范围模拟

结合三维遥感影像解译提出一种定量的泥石流土石量计算方法。在泥石流汇水区内对地形进行0次谷与1次谷划分,按可搬运的物质总量和一次降雨所能搬运的物质总量两种方式进行分析,使计算结果更加精细化;以数字高程模型(DEM)与降雨所搬运的土石总量作为影响范围模拟的基础,利用GIS空间分析功能分析泥石流汇水区的横截面面积及区域平面面积等地形参数,判别土石产出量与地形参数关系,实现泥石流影响范围的模拟。分析结果可为潜在泥石流危险区域评价预测提供参考。     

用GMS卫星资料反演复杂地形下的降水率

强降水主要由生命史短的中小尺度天气系统造成,对此类天气系统的预报,目前只有依靠卫星和雷达的实时监测并结合中系统的概念模式外推来完成。由于中国西北地区地形极为复杂,造成雷达盲区,影响其估算降水率。因此采用GMS-4卫星的红外和可见光展宽云图资料,经处理并转换后,再加入相应网格点上的数字化地形高度资料作为因子之一,用多级逐步判别模式估算逐时雨强等级,最后形成一套可在微机上对雨强场进行图像显示及处理的软件系统,满足了现时预报的需要。结果表明,小雨以上的降雨区域不论面积、形状均与实况基本一致。     

区域重力调查中的中区地形改正方法及精度

在讨论重力中区地改方法的基础上,分别用20m×20m、50m×50m和100m×100m方域计算了北祁连西段1:20万区域重力调查的764个测点的中区地改值,通过移动方域网格进行检查计算,讨论了各算法对地形的模拟程度和地改计算精度.     

The numerical simulation on the PBL structure and its evolution over small-scale concave terrain

A high-resolution, nonhydrostatic, three-dimensional diagnostic PBL model over small-scale concave terrain was established in this paper. A two-dimensional prognostic model was developed based on the diagnostic model. The hydrostatic approximation was abandoned and the simple energy (E-ε) closure scheme was used in both mod-els. Using the two models, characteristics of PBL structure and its evolution were fully studied. The main characteris-tic of the PBL is the circulation, and it fairly affects the distribution of the pollutant in the pit.     

凹坑地形风流结构对污染物散布的模拟研究

利用建立的三维非静力高分辨率高阶湍流闭合模式与随机游动扩散模式研究了一个深凹露天矿区污染物散布的规律,同时在风洞中进行了示踪实验。结果表明,由于凹坑内复环流结构的存在,使得坑内污染物浓度较大,且浓度最大值出现在源的上风侧。数值试验与风洞试验结果吻合较好。     

On the Parameterisation of the Effective Roughness Length for Momentum Transfer over Heterogeneous Terrain

We develop a parameterisation for the effective roughness length of terrain that consists of a repeating sequence of patches, in which each patch is composed of strips of two roughness types. A numerical model with second-order closure in the turbulent stress is developed and used to show that: (i) the normalised Reynolds stress develops as a self-similar profile; (ii) the mixing-length parameterisation is a good first-order approximation to the Reynolds stress. These findings are used to characterise the blending layer, where the stress adjusts smoothly from its local surface value to its effective value aloft. Previous studies have assumed that this adjustment occurs abruptly at a single level, often called the blending height. The blending layer is shown to be characterised by height scales that arise naturally in linear models of surface layer flow over roughness changes, and calculations with the numerical model show that these height scales remain appropriate in the nonlinear regime. This concept of the blending layer allows the development of a new parameterisation of the effective roughness length, which gives values for the effective roughness length that are shown to compare well with both atmospheric measurements and values determined from the second-order model.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠沙垄起伏地形夏季地表温度差异特征

摘 要：开展塔克拉玛干沙漠沙垄起伏地形夏季地表温度观测试验,旨在为塔克拉玛干沙漠环境陆面过程研究提供科学依据。2019年6月7日至9月2日在塔中地区,沿沙垄迎风坡以及背风坡底部、中部、上部、顶点及垄间谷地共设8个地表温度观测点。结果表明：（1）夏季沙垄地表温度最高温出现在垄间谷地,为74.63 ℃,最低温出现在迎风坡底部,为10.52 ℃;地表温度一天中在7:00左右达到最低,15:00左右达到最高。（2）晴天、多云以及浮尘天各观测点地表温度日均变化曲线呈单峰型,降水、扬沙及沙尘暴天呈双峰型;地表温度的最高温与日均值最大值均出现在晴天的垄间谷地,地表温度的最低温及日均值最小值均出现在降水天的迎风坡底部。（3）沙垄顶点与两个底部最大温差范围是顶点与背风坡底部在晴天的温差范围,为0～18.62 ℃,最小温差范围是顶点与迎风坡底部在降水天的温差范围,为0.01～6.18 ℃;迎风坡和背风坡在晴天地表温度温差范围最大,为0.01～16.93 ℃,在降水天温差范围最小,为0.01～4.15 ℃;顶点与两个底部夏季综合温差范围在0～18.62 ℃,迎风坡与背风坡夏季综合温差范围为0～16.93 ℃。塔克拉玛干沙漠地表温度受典型天气影响变化类型多样,沙垄顶点与底部、迎风坡与背风坡地表温度差异受风力及地形作用明显。     

Statistical Characteristics of Convective Initiation in the Beijing-Tianjin Region Revealed by Six-Year Radar Data

Characteristics of convective initiation (CI) in the Beijing-Tianjin region during the warm season of2008-2013 are examined. A total of 38877 CI cases are identified by a thunderstorm identification, tracking, analysis, and nowcasting algorithm. CI cases are evaluated in the context of associated terrain, weather systems, and land cover properties. The spatial distribution of all CI cases shows that there are dense CI activities around the 200-m elevation, which means that convective storms are more easily triggered over foothills. From 1500-1800 to 0300-0600 BT (Beijing Time), the high-occurrence CI region tends to propagate southeastward (i.e., from mountains to plains, then to ocean). Among the four local weather systems, the Mongolian cold vortex has the highest CI frequency while the after-trough system has the lowest CI frequency. For the land cover relationships with CI, the urban land cover has the highest CI density and the forest-type land cover has the second highest CI density; these two types of land cover are more conducive to CI formation.     

1117号强台风“纳沙”引发海南岛特大暴雨过程分析

利于MICAPS资料、NCEP资料和多普勒天气雷达资料分析了1117号强台风“纳沙”造成海南岛特大暴雨过程分析。结果表明,强盛的西南季风为其提高了充足的水汽和能量;双重“列车效应”是造成海南岛特大暴雨的主要原因．暖平流上叠加辐合风场有利于强降水的形成和维持,“逆风区”与强降水中心一致;地形对降水起到明显的增幅作用。     

不同地形资料对西南涡降水过程的数值模拟研究

本文仅改变模式下垫面的地形资料,对西南地区降水过程进行模拟试验,通过模拟结果的分析对比,我们认为1)不同地形资料(或是对地形资料进行平滑处理),在地形突变处的差异最为显著。2)地形细微的变化最直接影响的是降水位置,其次是降水强度。3)地形变化之后,短波辐射受到的影响最为直接,感热通量和潜热通量是此消彼长。4)盆地有降水过程时,低层一般盛行东南风,且会在盆地内部产生气旋性弯曲,气流在迎风坡存在明显的辐合,而背风坡则存在明显的辐散。5)地形梯度同样影响对流的发生发展,在地形陡峭处更容易产生强烈的上升运动,地形梯度越缓,气流的爬升能力也越强。总之,地形的微小变化已经可以对降水的落区和强度产生显著的影响。