Redundancy Measure and Its Application to the Design and Maintenance of Marine Structures

This paper is a survey of the state-of-the-art knowledge in structural redundancy measure andits application.The existing deterministic and probabilistic measures of structural redundancy are summa-rized.Emphasis is given to the discussion of their advantages and limitations.The application of damagetolerance concept in the design and maintenance of marine structures is also reviewed.Some most criticalproblems in structural redundancy are proposed for future research.     

登陆北上与近海北上台风的对比分析

选取两个不同路径北上的台风，从天气学和能量学角度分析、研究了台风路径与副热带高丰及能量场的关系，指出副热带高压与西风带大陆高压位置配置，对台风移动路径的影响；并研究了台风路径与高能舌的关系。     

黄河三角洲区域地表形变监测研究

由于地壳运动、地下水使用及矿床开采等因素的影响,会造成地表的形变,特别是垂直（高程）方向影响更大。为了维持高程基准的现势性,本文提出了一种以InSAR地表形变监测和水准测量相结合的方法,实现地表形变区高程基准动态维持。并以黄河三角洲区域为例,对2种成果精度进行了对比验证,水准测量和InSAR监测结果基本相符,可实现2种技术手段融合以获取点、面综合的高程变化信息。     

Impact of the spatial arrangement of land management practices on surface runoff for small catchments

Predicting the impact of land use changes on the hydrological response is crucial for water resource management. In the particular case of small catchments (1–10 km²), distributed models could provide useful answers regarding the effects of cultivation practices and man‐made works on water fluxes. However, the impacts of specific land use spatial arrangements are difficult to predict because of the prohibitive number of possible cases to consider. Focusing on surface runoff, this article describes a strategy based on a water particle tracking routine to be plugged‐in a distributed model that is designed to determine the spatial arrangements of land management practices that have the greatest impact on volume, peak discharge and lag time at the catchment outlet. A case study is described; the hydrological response of the Roujan catchment (Herault, France) is simulated with the MHYDAS model. The Roujan catchment contains a vineyard in a Mediterranean climate in a landscape in which weeding practices highly influence the partition between soil infiltration and runoff. Results showed that the proposed strategy is much more efficient than a random approach to design the spatial arrangements of the vineyard weeding practices with the greatest impact. Therefore, the proposed strategy may lead to innovative policies for the spatial planning of land management practices. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Long-term thermal stability study of the typical embankment along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in warm permafrost regions北大核心CSCD

Using the long-term ground temperature monitoring data of the permafrost zone along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway from 2006 to 2020,three types of typical roadbed structures were analyzed. Traditional embankment（TE）,U-shaped crushed rock embankment（UCRE）and crushed rock revetment embankment（CRRE）were included the three types of typical roadbed,which were selected to the long-term monitoring sections within the warm permafrost zones. The evolution of ground temperature field,mean annual ground temperature （MAGT）and annual maximum ground temperature（AMGT）in the depth range of 20 m under the embankment were analyzed and studied since 15 years of operation. The monitoring and analysis results show that：the growth rate of MAGT under the left and right shoulders of the TE is always higher than that of the same depth in the natural site. The MAGT under the UCRE is always lower than the natural site and always maintains a certain difference,whereas,the difference in ground temperature under the left and right shoulders is also not negligible. The MAGT of the left shoulder in the CRRE is not much different from that of the natural hole,while the MAGT of the right shoulder is always lower than that of the natural hole,and the differ in ground temperature between the left and right shoulders is smaller than that of the UCRE. The artificial permafrost table（APT）under the TE is always lower than that of in the natural site. Both the UCRE and CRRE,the APT in the left and right shoulders of them has been elevated into the embankment,and the differ of APT between the left and right shoulders is about 1. 0~1. 5 m. the differ of APT between the left and right shoulders in the CRRE is slightly lower than that of UCRE. Overall,because of the influence of thermal disturbance about engineering and climate warming,the TE in the warm permafrost zones cannot keep the thermal stability of permafrost under the embankment. Some active-cooling and reinforcement measures need to be taken. Both of the UCRE and CRRE,have a certain active-cooling effect on the permafrost under embankment,but the differ in ground temperature between the left and right shoulders still needs to be taken seriously. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

“天绘一号”卫星基于摄影任务的轨道维持策略

针对靶标场等摄影任务受轨道维持影响大的现状, 提出基于摄影任务的轨道维持策略。分析了卫星轨道特性和轨道维持对重要摄影任务的影响, 提出利用邻轨搭接特性对摄影区域完成两次摄影的方法。通过某靶标场摄影试验, 比较分析得到最优摄影方案, 验证了本文方法的可行性。同时完善卫星轨道维持策略, 作为卫星实施轨道维持的重要参考依据。     

淮河流域东北部一次异常特大暴雨的数值模拟研究 Ⅱ: 不稳定条件及其增强和维持机制分析

利用"淮河流域东北部一次异常特大暴雨的数值模拟研究Ⅰ"的数值模拟结果,分析了几种不稳定对流涡度矢量(CVV)与中尺度深湿对流系统之间的关系,并分析了不稳定条件的增强和维持机制,结果表明:(1)中低层对流不稳定是深湿对流系统发生的先决条件,由于低层存在辐合,使得周围湿空气向暴雨区集中,对流单体在暴雨区汇聚,且发生合并增强,台风左前方向暴雨区输送对流不稳定能量等,是使得暴雨区对流不稳定重新建立和加强的重要机制.(2)深湿对流系统的中低层不仅有对流不稳定,而且还有斜压不稳定、条件对称不稳定,而中高层必须有湿斜压不稳定和条件对称不稳定.深湿对流系统中高层西(北)侧为负MPV2柱,东(南)侧为正MPV2柱;(3)深湿对流系统中惯性不稳定柱与惯性稳定柱相间分布,西(南)侧为负CVV柱,东(北)侧为正CVV柱,负CVV柱对深湿对流起激发作用;(4)惯性不稳定、湿倾斜不稳定和条件不稳定产生强的倾斜式对流,而强的倾斜式上升运动加强了深对流系统北侧高层的南风分量,因深对流系统南侧低层出现补偿性下沉气流,因而低层南风加强,高低空急流中心的加强会进一步加强对流的发展,使得惯性不稳定、湿倾斜不稳定及条件不稳定增强和维持,这是一个正反馈过程.(5)在暴雨中心以东维持一顺切变环流,同时暴雨中心的浅对流单体吸收来自南方的水汽和不稳定能量,中尺度辐合线与β中尺度涡旋对对流单体起组织和增强作用,对流系统中辐合、辐散柱相间分布,强散度柱与强涡柱互伴互耦,都有利于形成中尺度深湿对流系统,使不稳定向纵深方向发展,从而使得不稳定得到增强和维持.     

北京市城市化对地表温度时空特征的影响

分别采用常规气象数据和遥感资料,结合城市化发展总体水平不同的三大板块,分析北京市城市化对地表温度时空变化特征的影响。(1)将北京市1978—2006年常规气象站点的陆表温度(Land Surface Temperature,LST)观测资料与三大板块结合,分析城市化对LST年、季、白天、夜间、最大值和最小值的影响。发现1978—2006年期间,北京市三大板块LST均值总体上均呈上升趋势,且大多数情况下,第一板块的第二板块的第三板块的。(2)采用北京市2001年和2006年全年的EOS MODIS MOD 13归一化植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)产品以及MOD11白天/夜间LST产品,分析城市化过程中下垫面变化对LST的影响。总体上,北京市2006年较2001年NDVI减少的比例为51.3%,白天LST升高的比例为73.74%,夜间LST升高的比例高达90.92%。(3)北京市2006年与2001年NDVI的差值以及白天、夜间LST的差值的联合分类结果表明,第一和第二板块均表现出2006年较2001年NDVI减少、白天LST增加的类别所占的百分比最大,分别占54.29%和40.95%,而且均大于其在第三板块中所占的比例34%,而三个板块中NDVI增加、白天LST减少的百分比与NDVI减少、白天LST增加的百分比之和均超过了50%。第一、第二和第三板块中2006年较2001年NDVI减少、夜间LST增加的类别所占百分比分别为51.67%、44.2%和42.46%。这些数据定量地说明了城市化过程中下垫面变化对白天、夜间LST的影响。     

基于条件价值法评估罗源湾海洋生物多样性维持服务价值

海洋生物多样性维持服务指海洋中不仅生活着丰富的生物种群,还为其提供了重要的产卵场、越冬场、索饵场、避难所、栖息地等场所.基于条件价值法,于2009年8月对福建罗源湾周边城镇居民进行问卷调查,掌握当地居民对保护罗源湾生物多样性的支付意愿,进而评估罗源湾生物多样性维持服务价值.结果显示,2009年罗源湾4种珍稀生物的支付意愿为618.8元/户.2004-2008年罗源湾生物多样性维持服务价值分别为747.17万元、1 912.52万元、2 565.08万元、3 821.92万元、5 272.00万元.分析表明:家庭年收入、对保护生物的了解程度和环保意识是影响生物多样性维持服务价值的主要因素.对于保护海洋生物多样性来说,经济发展政策和环保政策都是必要的,如何做好这2个政策的平衡是政府应该关注的.     

动力及环境集中监控系统应用中问题的分析及建议

介绍了通讯专网机房集中监控系统的整体情况,组网方式,重点讨论了动力及环境集中监控系统在使用过程中存在的一些问题,提出了改进建议,最后对监控系统的管理问题提出了看法.