气旋爆发性发展产生的北方冬季雷暴天气分析

分析了１９９０年１２月２１日和１９９６年１２月３１日沈阳市出现的两次冬季雷暴天气过程,结果表明：这两次冬季雷暴天气都是由于气旋在短时间内爆发性发展所产生的。气旋的爆发性发展对我国北方除造成大范围降雪外,还可产生强对流天气。而气旋以“Ｕ”型路径移动,入渤海后迅速发展;８５０、７００ｈＰａ爆发性的增温增湿导致其以上气层出现潜在不稳定层结,是预报冬季雷暴的一个着眼点。此外,城市热岛效应对触发冬季雷暴也起     

斜压大气中的地形扰动

本文主要讨论地形对天气系统的影响,研究了斜压大气中地形背风气旋的问题。用小参数法简化基本运动方程,利用青藏高原和落基山脉的实际地形,采用FFT的数值方法,考虑了不同地形、风切变、大气层结等诸因素对地形扰动的影响。结果表明:青藏高原和落基山脉东侧的地形扰动与统计结果较一致;层结对地形扰动的影响较敏感。     

春季江淮气旋发展的诊断研究

本文在等熵面上对１９９６年４月２８日－３０日发生在江淮地区的气旋作了分析和诊断研究。     

一次北方台风暴雨(9406)能量特征分析

从能量角度分析了9406号台风在我国北方造成大范围暴雨过程,定量讨论了台风变性过程中显热能、潜热能和动能的时空分布特征、北方暴雨区远距离降水突然增幅过程中能量的变化、以及动能的补充来源.发现:(1)虽然潜热能比显热能小1个量级,但潜热能平流大于显热能平流.热带气旋在获得西风带斜压能量之前,其总能量的维持主要来自潜热能的贡献,潜热能的贡献约是显热能的两倍.(2)台风远距离降水的突然增幅是中低纬度系统相互作用的结果.来自热带气旋的显热能平流与西风带显热能平流非线性叠加,导致槽前显热能明显增加,西风带槽迅速加深,降水突然增幅.同时,暴雨区高空动能下传的突然增强对暴雨突然增幅有贡献,而该高空动能下传的增加与6小时之前台风环流区大量潜热能量释放相对应.(3)台风进入影响区之前,在整个对流层有潜热能、显热能和动能直接从台风区输入暴雨区;在台风进入影响区之后,只有低空显热能平流保持继续向暴雨区输送能量.(4)台风进入影响区之后,北方暴雨区动能的补充主要来自对流层上层动能的下传、斜压不稳定能量向动能的转化和北方暴雨区西边界动能的输入.5个类似台风的合成分析支持了以上主要结论.得出的暴雨增幅模型可对预报台风远距离降水有指示作用.     

A NOVEL CLASSIFICATION METHOD FOR TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY CHANGE ANALYSIS BASED ON HIERARCHICAL PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM

Based on the tropical cyclone (TC) observations in the western North Pacific from 2000 to 2008, this paper adopts the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm of evolutionary computation to optimize one comprehensive classification rule, and apply the optimized classification rule to the forecasting of TC intensity change. In the process of the optimization, the strategy of hierarchical pruning has been adopted in the PSO algorithm to narrow the search area, and thus to enhance the local search ability, i.e. hierarchical PSO algorithm. The TC intensity classification rule involves core attributes including 12-HMWS, MPI, and Rainrate which play vital roles in TC intensity change. The testing accuracy using the new mined rule by hierarchical PSO algorithm reaches 89.6%. The current study shows that the novel classification method for TC intensity change analysis based on hierarchic PSO algorithm is not only easy to explain the source of rule core attributes, but also has great potential to improve the forecasting of TC intensity change.     

热带气旋发生、发展的不稳定理论

本文在正压无辐散的条件下,讨论了东、西风不连续面上的正压不稳定性。研究指出:这种界面上的扰动总是不稳定的,从而说明了热带气旋常在赤道辐合带(ITCZ)上形成的原因。本文又在考虑了热带气旋内部的层结和基本气流的条件下,讨论了热带气旋发展的热力学和动力学条件。研究指出:层结稳定度和惯性稳定度同时影响热带气旋的发展.当两者都稳定时,热带气旋不发展;当两者之一不稳定时,热带气旋有可能发展;当n~2I~2 (μ~2/a)~2N~2<0时,热带气旋一定发展。     

热带西太平洋海─气热量通量研究──Ⅱ．热带气旋状况下海─气热量交换的特征

本文根据ＴＯＧＡ研究计划第１，２，３，８个航次考察结果，计算了热带西太平洋海－气热量交换值。研究结果表明：在热带气旋环流内海－气界面热量交换非常强烈，在双子台风环流内Ｑｋ出现负值，在台风环流内Ｑｅ也出现减弱现象。１９８６／１９８７年ＥｌＮｉｎｏ事件发生后，热带中太平洋水温异常增暖，热带西太平洋西部洋域表层水也在增暖，但是，热带西太平洋洋域海－气界面间热量交换反而减弱。西风爆发首先出现在中太平洋热带洋域，然后逐渐往西扩展。     

CLASSIFYING WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC TROPICAL CYCLONES BY PHYSICAL INDEX SYSTEM

The classification of tropical cyclones (TCs) is significant to obtain their temporal and spatial variation characteristics in the context of dramatic-changing global climate. A new TCs clustering method by using K-means clustering algorithm with nine physical indexes is proposed in the paper. Each TC is quantified into an 11-dimensional vector concerning trajectory attributes, time attributes and power attributes. Two recurving clusters (cluster A and E) and three straight-moving clusters (cluster B, C and D) are categorized from the TC best-track dataset of the western North Pacific (WNP) over the period of 1949-2013, and TCs’ properties have been analyzed and compared in different aspects. The calculation results of coefficient variation (CV) and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) reveal a high level of intra-cluster cohesiveness and inter-cluster divergence, which means that the physical index system could serve as a feasible method of TCs classification. The clusters are then analyzed in terms of trajectory, lifespan, seasonality, trend, intensity and Power Dissipation Index (PDI). The five classified clusters show distinct features in TCs’ temporal and spatial development discipline. Moreover, each cluster has its individual motion pattern, variation trend, influence region and impact degree.     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLOBAL WARMING AND THE VARIATION IN TROPICAL CYCLONE FREQUENCY OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC

The relationship between global warming and the variation in tropical cyclone (TC) genesisfrequency is analyzed using the data of the Tropical Cyclone Year Book by the China MeteorologicalAdministration and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data from 1949to 2007. The observational results indicate that the average sea surface temperature (SST) in theIntertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) region (10°N – 20°N, 100°E – 140°E) increases by 0.6°C againstthe background of global warming, while the frequency of tropical cyclone geneses in this region decreasessignificantly. Generally, the rise of SSTs is favorable for the genesis of tropical cyclones, but it is nowshown to be contrary to the normal effect. Most of the tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific (WNP)are generated in the ITCZ. This is quite different from the case in the Atlantic basin in which the tropicalcyclones are mostly generated from the easterly wave. Our research results demonstrate that the ITCZ has aweakening trend in strength, and it has moved much more equatorward in the past 40 years; both aredisadvantageous to the formation of tropical cyclones. Furthermore, our study also found that the ridge ofthe subtropical high tends to shift slightly equatorward, which is another adverse mechanism for theformation of tropical cyclones.     

一次江淮暴雨过程中中尺度气旋的数值模拟及分析

本文利用PSU／NCAR中尺度数值模式MM5,并利用鄂、豫、皖、苏四省的加密地面气象要素场资料做检验,对1991年7月6日江淮地区发生的一次暴雨过程进行了分析。结果表明：江淮暴雨过程中的中尺度气旋在发生、发展、变化过程中其结构具有不对称性,因而进一步造成了局地降水强度和分布的不均匀性。而中尺度气旋的结构不对称性又与其地面及高空的流场、涡度场及散度场等的中尺度特征有直接的联系。