由ERS-1波形重构确定我国近海平均海平面

近海岸区域平均海面高在大地测量学、物理海洋学以及地球物理学研究中具有非常重要的意义.受各种条件的制约和限制,目前卫星测高技术主要应用于深海区域,在近海区域尤其是海岸线附近区域的应用几乎为空白.本文根据ERS-1测高卫星回波波形特征,采用五参数线性模型,由最小二乘拟合方法,对近海区域尤其是靠近海岸线附近的ERS-1测高波形数据进行波形重构.比较波形重构前、后解算平均海面高,表明波形重构技术不仅明显改善了解算近海海面高的精度,而且增加了近海测高海平面的分辨率,并使卫星测高有效观测延伸至海岸线附近.随后,本文利用波形重构后海面高数据构造了近海多年平均海平面,并对我国近海海平面特征进行了初步分析.     

Global Statistical Assessment and Cross-Calibration with Jason-2 for Reprocessed HY-2 A Altimeter Data

HY-2 A (Haiyang-2 A) satellite was launched on August 16, 2011 and radar altimeter is one of its main payloads. We reprocessed two years of HY-2 A altimeter sensor geophysical dataset records (SGDR) data. This paper presents the main results in terms of reprocessed HY-2 A altimeter data quality: verification of data availability and validity, monitoring several relevant altimeter parameters, and assessment of the HY-2 A altimeter system performances. A cross-calibration analysis of reprocessed HY-2 A altimeter data with Jason-2 was conducted. The reprocessed HY-2 A altimeter data show good quality and have a low level of noise with respect to Jason-2. The same geophysical correction methods were used to calculate the sea surface height (SSH) for the two missions. The mean standard deviations of the crossover differences for HY-2 A and Jason-2 are 5.24 cm and 5.34 cm, respectively. The mean standard deviation of the crossover differences between HY-2 A and Jason-2 is 5.37 cm. These show that HY-2 A can provide SSH measurements at almost the same level of accuracy as Jason-2. The relative SSH bias between HY-2 A and Jason-2 due to the Ultra Stable Oscillator (USO) drift is obviously observed, and it can affect the calculation of mean sea level and should be further studied and corrected.     

Using advanced soft computing techniques for regional shoreline geoid model estimation and evaluation

This study aims at evaluating the global geoid model for a regional shoreline fitting using advanced soft computing techniques and global navigation satellite system/leveling measurements. Artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, and least square support vector machine models are developed and used to fit the global geoid model for the north coastal Egyptian line. In addition, a novel estimation geoid model is designed and evaluated based on the latest global geoid models. The results of the three estimation models show that they can be used to correct the shoreline geoid model, in terms of root mean square error that ranges from 1.7 to 8.5?cm. Moreover, it is found that the least square vector machine model is a competitive approach with certain advantage in solving complex problems represented by missing data.     

2016年夏季南海海盆水体颗粒物粒径分布特征*

颗粒物粒径分布(Particle Size Distribution, PSD)代表了颗粒物浓度与颗粒物粒径之间的关系, 影响着海洋生态环境和水体光学特性等。文章基于2016年夏季航次调查的生物光学剖面数据, 研究了南海海盆海域PSD的分布特征。研究发现, 幂律函数可以较好地拟合南海海盆区域的PSD, 对数空间中的实测的PSD与模拟的PSD平均决定系数高达0.95。PSD斜率(ξ)的分布范围为[1.27, 7.65], 均值为3.93±0.56。南海海盆区域表层水体的ξ均值与全球大洋表层水体的ξ均值相近, 但高于海湾等表层水体的ξ均值。ξ能较好地表征颗粒物平均粒径D_A的大小, 两者存在明显负相关关系, 即ξ值越高, D_A越小; 反之, D_A越大。通过分析T1断面的生物光学剖面数据及总体平均的PSD剖面数据, 发现PSD剖面分布特征如下: 1)表层水体的ξ值相对较高, 且D_A值相对较低, 推测可能是由于微微型藻类为主导颗粒物所致; 2) ξ值极小值层出现在次表层叶绿素浓度极大值层(Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum Layer, SCML)中, 并伴随D_A极大值层的出现, 其原因可能是SCML中的大粒径浮游植物占比显著增加; 3)弱光层中的ξ值较SCML中的高, 但略低于表层的ξ值, 而D_A则位于表层与SCML的D_A之间, 这可能与浮游植物及其碎屑的絮凝、分解、沉降等过程相关。PSD特征影响着海水的固有光学特性, 分析发现: 由于SCML中的叶绿素浓度增加, 颗粒物散射系数(b_p(532))和颗粒物后向散射系数(b_bp(532))也相应呈现显著增加的趋势。弱光层中的平均b_p(532)与平均b_bp(532)最小。ξ与颗粒物衰减光谱斜率之间呈高分散性, Boss 等(2001b)的模型适合用于粗略估算区域性的ξ分布范围及均值。     

稳健的回光反射平面靶心定位算法

针对因回光反射平面标靶点云数据缺失或冗余而难以准确计算靶心坐标的问题,本文提出一种基于距离标靶重心最远点的边缘点提取和靶心定位算法。首先,进行点云数据预处理,先人工大概选取出标靶点云所在位置,并根据回光反射强度信息提取出标靶点云,对标靶点云进行粗差剔除、投影以及坐标旋转等工作;然后,进行边缘点提取,应用所提的边缘点提取算法对投影到二维平面的标靶点云进行边缘点提取;最后,进行靶心定位,先应用抗差最小二乘对边缘点进行拟合计算圆心坐标,然后将其旋转回三维空间作为靶心坐标计算值。实验结果表明,本文提出的边缘点提取算法能高效、准确地提取出标靶边缘点,比文献[12]中的边缘点提取算法节约了大量时间,并且应用所提取出的边缘点能稳健地计算出靶心坐标,与基准值的偏差在亚毫米以内,优于文献[11]、[12]算法靶心计算精度,有效地解决了残缺或冗余的回光反射平面标靶点云靶心定位问题。     

利用超快速精密星历约束的北斗卫星实时精密定轨

以广播星历为起算轨道的北斗卫星实时滤波精密定轨往往需要较长收敛时间,针对此,提出利用超快速精密星历约束的实时精密定轨方法。通过MGEX跟踪网全球分布的51个测站连续7 d的实测数据,利用平方根信息滤波对北斗卫星实时精密轨道进行确定,并以3 d解事后轨道作为参考,评估北斗卫星实时滤波轨道精度。结果表明,利用广播星历作起算轨道时,北斗实时滤波轨道平均需要经过15 h收敛才能达到稳定,而新方法在这段时间内轨道变化较为平稳,未出现明显的收敛现象,并且7 d时间内GEO卫星在切向、法向和径向上RMS分别优于2.5 m、20 cm和30 cm,IGSO和MEO卫星在3个方向上分别优于30 cm、15 cm和10 cm。
     

Observations and analyses of floc size and floc settling velocity in coastal salt marsh of Luoyuan Bay, Fujian Province, China

In coastal environments, fine-grain sediments often aggregate into large and porous flocs. ElectroMagnetic Current Meters (EMCM) and Laser In Situ Scattering and Transmissometry (LISST-ST) have been deployed within a Spartina alterniflora marsh of the Luoyuan Bay in Fujian Province, China, to measure the current velocity, the floc size and the settling velocity between 15 and 22 January 2008. During the observations, the near-bed water was collected in order to obtain the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and constituent grain size. Data show that: (1) the nearbed current velocities vary from 0.1 to 5.6 cm/s in the central Spartina alterniflora marsh and 0.1–12.5 cm/s at the edge; (2) the SSCs vary from 47 to 188 mg/dm 3 . The mean grain size of constituent grains varies from 7.0 to 9.6 μm, and the mean floc sizes (MFS) vary from 30.4 to 69.4 μm. The relationship between the mean floc size and settling velocity can be described as: w s =ad b , in which w s is the floc settling velocity (mm/s), a and b are coefficients. The floc settling velocity varies from 0.17 to 0.32 mm/s, with a mean value of 0.26 mm/s, and the floc settling velocity during the flood tide is higher than that during the ebb tide. The current velocity and the SSC are the main factors controlling the flocculation processes and the floc settling velocity.     

LMWOA (low molecular weight organic acid) exudation by salt marsh plants: Natural variation and response to Cu contamination

This work aimed to evaluate, in vitro, the capability of roots of two salt marsh plants to release low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) and to ascertain whether Cu contamination would stimulate or not organic acids exudation. The sea rush Juncus maritimus and the sea-club rush Scirpus maritimus, both from the lower Douro river estuary (NW Portugal), were used. Plants were collected seasonally, four times a year in 2004, during low tide. After sampling, plant roots were washed for removal of adherent particles and immersed for 2 h in a solution that matched salinity (3) and pH (7.5) of the pore water from the same location to obtain plant exudates. In one of the seasons, similar experiments were carried out but spiking the solution with different amounts of Cu in order to embrace the range between 0 and 1600 nM. In the final solutions as well as in sediment pore water LMWOAs were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Plants were able to release, in a short period of time, relatively high amounts of LMWOAs (oxalate, citrate, malate, malonate, and succinate). In the sediment pore water oxalate, succinate and acetate were also detected. Therefore, plant roots probably contributed to the presence of some of these organic compounds in pore water. Exudation differed between the plant species and also showed some seasonally variation, particularly for S. maritimus. The release of oxalate by J. maritimus increased with Cu increase in the media. However, exudation of the other LMWOAs did not seem to be stimulated by Cu contamination in the media. This fact is compatible with the existence of alternative internal mechanisms for Cu detoxification, as denoted by the fact that in media contaminated with Cu both plant species accumulated relatively high amounts (29–83%) of the initially dissolved Cu. This study expands our knowledge on the contribution of globally dominant salt marsh plants to the release of LMWOAs into the environment.     

隔板贯通式梁柱节点抗震性能试验研究

设计了低周反复荷载作用下3个十字形足尺隔板贯通式梁柱节点试件(其中2个节点的柱子浇筑了混凝土,1个为空钢管)的拟静力试验。通过研究拟静力试验所得的滞回曲线求得该节点的等效阻尼比,衡量它的耗能能力。从恢复力特性曲线得到了和一次加载相接近的骨架曲线,节点的初始刚度和刚度退化等参数。通过这些从强度、变形和能量等三方面判别和鉴定隔板贯通式梁柱节点的抗震性能,并得出了一些具有参考价值的结论。     

锚定式方钢管混凝土柱与钢梁节点抗震性能试验研究

通过低周反复加载试验对6个锚定式方钢管混凝土柱-H形钢梁节点进行了试验研究,研究了不同轴压比情况下节点的破坏模式、延性、耗能性能、强度及刚度退化等。试验结果表明,破坏之前节点具有良好的滞回性能、延性及耗能能力,满足现行抗震规范的要求。锚定式方钢管混凝土梁柱节点可以用于拉力较小的节点。文中提出了有关的设计建议。