基于工程地质条件约束的水泥土搅拌桩强度设计

无置换情况下高饱和度软土容纳水泥浆的掺入量是有限的,以孔隙比、饱和度、气相体积为约束条件,可计算出桩体的最大水泥掺入比。在置换地基土才能使水泥掺入量满足设计要求的情况下,上返水泥土的存在改变了水泥掺入量的分配,桩体实际水泥掺入比随水泥土上返量大小及固相中水泥所占比例而改变。本文依据地基土性状,结合比重、密度、含水量等测试参数,以水泥上返量为线索推导出了桩体实际水泥掺入比公式。并通过工程实例对比分析了水泥土强度设计中考虑地质条件约束的实际意义。     

Maximum daily rainfall in South Korea

Annual maxima of daily rainfall for the years 1961–2001 are modeled for five locations in South Korea (chosen to give a good geographical representation of the country). The generalized extreme value distribution is fitted to data from each location to describe the extremes of rainfall and to predict its future behavior. We find evidence to suggest that the Gumbel distribution provides the most reasonable model for four of the five locations considered. We explore the possibility of trends in the data but find no evidence suggesting trends. We derive estimates of 10, 50, 100, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000 and 100,000 year return levels for daily rainfall and describe how they vary with the locations. This paper provides the first application of extreme value distributions to rainfall data from South Korea.     

江西省极端降水分类及特征分析

利用多种观测及再分析资料对江西省极端降水过程进行统计分类和天气学分析。采用百分位法、广义极值法对比计算江西省极端降水强度阈值标准,分析江西省极端降水事件的空间分布特征,筛选出2010—2019年江西省极端降水的典型过程,并进行天气学成因分析。结果表明：1） 江西省各站极端降水强度阈值空间分布差异较大,由西南向东北逐步增加,具有非常明显的地域性特征;2） 江西省典型极端降水过程发生在夏季（6—8月）,主要分为梅雨锋、强台风、西北气流类;3） 江西省梅雨锋类极端降水占典型极端降水过程的70%,该类极端降水具有稳定的大尺度环流形势,主要表现为南亚高压北跳至25°N以北,阻塞高压异常偏强,东北冷涡发展,副热带高压与大陆高压相结合,配合天气尺度稳定的切变线以及异常的西南暖湿气流,形成持续的水汽输送及异常的垂直上升运动中心。     

基于水量平衡的农业节水潜力计算新方法

农业节水潜力是进行节水改造方案评估、用水效率评价及水资源优化配置的重要依据。在回顾和总结农业节水潜力评价指标和计算方法的基础上,综合考虑取水、耗水和回归水3个方面,提出了农业理论节水潜力的概念,并利用水量平衡原理对相应计算方法进行了推导。同时根据不同的节水措施,提出了农业耗水理论节水潜力、农业回归水理论节水潜力和农业取水理论节水潜力的概念及计算方法。基于新方法对柳园口灌区农业理论节水潜力进行了计算,结果表明柳园口灌区农业理论节水潜力为4636.59万m3;其中,农业耗水理论节水潜力最大,农业取水理论节水潜力次之,农业回归水理论节水潜力最小。相关结论为该灌区制定合理的节水灌溉措施和水资源高效利用策略提供了理论依据。     

基于暴雨衰减特性的上海市长历时综合暴雨公式

编制适用于不同历时的综合暴雨公式是协调城市管网排水与区域防洪治涝的重要基础。选用上海市代表雨量站徐家汇站65 a实测雨量资料,建立不同重现期暴雨强度与历时关系,解析暴雨衰减规律,编制单一重现期暴雨公式,结合雨力公式推求适用不同重现期的长历时综合暴雨公式,并推导出暴雨重现期公式。结果表明:不同重现期1~24 h历时暴雨强度均以0.74的衰减指数衰减,据此推求的长历时综合暴雨公式可计算1~24 h任意历时、2~100 a任意重现期的设计暴雨,且平均相对和平均绝对均方根误差分别为1.9%和0.009 mm/min,符合规范要求;暴雨重现期公式可估算1~24 h历时内任意场次暴雨的重现期,高效地服务于城市洪涝防治决策。成果已纳入上海市治涝地方标准,对其他城市具有参考价值。     

Continental evaporites and the search for evidence of life on Mars

Continental evaporites are deposits that originate from the evaporation of saline waters in the low areas of saline lakes from all continents, except Europe, and mainly consist of chloride, sulphate and potash minerals. In recent years, the discovery on the Martian surface of hydrated salt minerals, including sulphates and chlorides, interpreted as deriving from the desiccation of preexisting large bodies of water, such as lakes, has provided further convincing evidence of liquid water activity on the surface of Mars and, consequently, it has reinforced the plausibility of finding life. Because evaporites require short‐term aqueous processes for their formation, they can trap and preserve over geologic times a biological record made up of halophilic extremophiles—such as microalgae, bacteria, and their remains—that recent research on Earth has shown to be characterized by unexpectedly high biodiversity. This record may consist of varying types of fossils, including morphological fossils, chemofossils and biominerals. As a consequence, continental evaporite environments and their saline deposits are now a primary target for the near future astrobiology missions devoted to the search for fossil Martian life. Lacustrine evaporite deposits and minerals have, therefore, been identified as primary targets for the NASA–ESA joint programme of the Mars sample return, planned for the end of the current decade. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2011—2021年安徽省闪电时空分布特征分析

利用2011—2021年安徽省地闪资料，对全省闪电时空分布特征进行统计分析。结果表明：负地闪为安徽省地闪主要类型，占地闪总数的94.02%，每年5—9月是闪电活动高发期，8月闪电频次最大，但地闪回击电流峰值最小，正地闪比例随总地闪发生次数的减少而增多。日变化特征中，闪电多发时段为14—19时，与强对流天气活跃时段对应，平均地闪回击电流峰值波动相对较小，最大值出现在06时。全省地闪平均密度为1.72次/（km2·a），空间分布呈南高北低特征，与地闪回击电流峰值分布大致相反。对安徽省总地闪频次进行主成分分析表明，前5个特征向量累计方差贡献达到90.05%，能够全面反映安徽省闪电整体异常结构，全省闪电活动及频次变化趋势基本一致，但南北存在明显差异，空间分布型可划分为全省一致型、大别山区型、江淮东部型、江南江北型和沿淮型，安徽省南部地区的水汽条件、热力条件和触发机制均优于北部地区，更易发生雷暴等强对流天气。